Table 1.
General characteristics and biochemical variables of the study population
| Variable | Controls (n=50) | T2DM (n=68) | T2DM+CVD (n=66) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (Years) | 51.24 ± 7.62 | 51.75 ± 6.00 | 58.20 ± 7.12** |
| Sex (male/female) | 27/23 | 38/30 | 50/16** |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.21 ± 4.62 | 27.59 ± 4.90* | 29.81 ± 5.55** |
| SBP (mmHg) | 121.90 ± 15.29 | 131.67 ± 20.60* | 144.14 ± 21.16**† |
| DBP (mmHg) | 81.19 ± 8.93 | 88.75 ± 16.05* | 90.14 ± 9.27** |
| Hypertension (%) | - | 33.3 | 94.3† |
| Smokers (%) | 9.5 | 11.1 | 14.3 |
| Physical activity (%) | 57.1 | 58.3 | 25.7**† |
| Diabetes duration (Years) | - | 8.50 ± 7.41 | 13.00 ± 6.97† |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 84.90 ± 9.61 | 146.83 ± 58.31* | 164.00 ± 68.27** |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.42 ± 0.61 | 6.30 ± 1.19* | 6.61 ± 1.37** |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 117.57 ± 31.28 | 143.61 ± 73.14* | 169.00 ± 66.43**† |
| TC (mg/dL) | 186.86 ± 28.68 | 193.92 ± 50.59* | 206.71 ± 44.98**† |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 111.95 ± 15.95 | 129.22 ± 42.05* | 141.60 ± 45.04**† |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 55.71 ± 11.24 | 49.93 ± 11.26* | 41.97 ± 12.79**† |
| Serum PON1 (nmol/L) | 18.87 ± 17.04 | 7.82 ± 5.44* | 9.22 ± 14.94** |
Significance was confirmed by Bonferroni test.
*Significant p in comparison between controls and T2DM, **Significant p in comparison between controls and T2DM+CVD, †Significant p in comparison between T2DM and T2DM+CVD.
BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; TC: total cholesterol; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein cholesterol; VLDL-C: very low density lipoprotein cholesterol; PON1: paraoxonase-1.