Table 2.
Cross-sectional associations between weight-for-height z-score (WHZ)1 and individual- and neighborhood-level variables (adjusted for age; N=32,172 children)
| WHZ at 1st measurement | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted means (SE)2 |
p-value | Regression Estimates (SE) |
p-value3 | |
| Child’s gender | <.0001 | |||
| Female | 0.660 (0.010) | |||
| Male | 0.772 (0.009) | |||
| Child’s race/ethnicity | <.0001 | |||
| Asian | 0.370 (0.034)a | |||
| Black/African American | 0.438 (0.290)b | |||
| Hispanic | 0.759 (0.007)a,b,c | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 0.470 (0.037)c | |||
| Maternal language of preference | <.0001 | |||
| English | 0.685 (0.011)a | |||
| Spanish | 0.746 (0.008)a | |||
| Other | 0.386 (0.046)a | |||
| Maternal education | <.0001 | |||
| Less than high school | 0.753 (0.008) | |||
| High school graduate or higher | 0.661 (0.011) | |||
| Family size | 0.002 (0.005) | 0.7326 | ||
| Family monthly income | −0.040 (0.009) | <.0001 | ||
| Neighborhood median income | −0.004 (0.001) | <.0001 | ||
|
Neighborhood %high school
graduates |
−0.008 (0.001) | <.0001 | ||
|
Density of healthy outlets
(stores per square mile) |
0.006 (0.003) | 0.0469 | ||
|
Density of unhealthy outlets
(stores per square mile) |
−0.001 (0.001) | 0.1541 | ||
1
First measurement recorded by WIC, 2005-2008
2
Same superscripts means that groups are significantly different from each other (Tukey’s test, p<.0001)
3
p-values obtained using separate general linear models for each variable, adjusting for age.