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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Dec 30.
Published in final edited form as: Front Biol (Beijing). 2014 Oct;9(5):356–366. doi: 10.1007/s11515-014-1329-8

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Injury responses of neurons and glia after SCI. Axon regeneration is controlled by intrinsic proregenerative transcriptional programs and influenced by environmental signals. Myelin debris from demyelinating oligodendrocytes and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPG) secreted from reactive astrocytes constitute a roadblock for axonal regeneration. M2 macrophages can promote axonal regrowth. A nuclear program is activated by peripheral axotomy of DRG neurons, leading to increased histone acetylation and induction of RAGs. Histone-modifying enzymes participate in various aspects of injury responses in neurons and glial cells. Note that the epigenetic regulators controlling macrophage polarization have only been demonstrated in non-spinal cord injury settings.