Table 4.

Central and peripheral hemodynamics at rest and during knee-extensor exercise

Work rate (W)	Rest	0	5	10	15
Control
Leg vascular conductance, ml·min−1·mmHg−1	3.5 ± 0.3	17.2 ± 0.7†	20.6 ± 0.8†	24.1 ± 0.9†	26.8 ± 1.1†
Common femoral artery diameter, cm	1.05 ± 0.03	1.05 ± 0.03	1.05 ± 0.03	1.05 ± 0.03	1.05 ± 0.03
Common femoral artery blood velocity, cm/s	6 ± 1	32 ± 2†	34 ± 2†	46 ± 3†	53 ± 3†
Heart rate, beats/min	64 ± 2	72 ± 2†	74 ± 2†	76 ± 2†	78 ± 2†
Stroke volume, ml/beat	88 ± 3	92 ± 4	95 ± 5	93 ± 6	97 ± 4
Cardiac output, l/min	5.5 ± 0.2	6.6 ± 0.3†	7.0 ± 0.3†	7.0 ± 0.4†	7.5 ± 0.3†
Systemic vascular conductance, ml·min−1·mmHg−1	67 ± 2	71 ± 3	75 ± 4	73 ± 5	75 ± 3
Systemic vascular resistance, mmHg·l−1·min	15 ± 1	14 ± 1	14 ± 1	15 ± 1	14 ± 1
HFrEF
Leg vascular conductance, ml·min−1·mmHg	2.7 ± 0.2	12.6 ± 0.8*†	15.7 ± 0.7*†	17.4 ± 0.8*†	17.6 ± 0.7*†
Common femoral artery diameter, cm	0.96 ± 0.03*	0.96 ± 0.03*	0.96 ± 0.03*	0.96 ± 0.03*	0.96 ± 0.03*
Common femoral artery blood velocity, cm/s	6 ± 1	30 ± 3†	36 ± 3†	41 ± 4†	43 ± 3†
Heart rate, beats/min	68 ± 2	79 ± 4†	85 ± 5*†	89 ± 5*†	94 ± 4*†
Stroke volume, ml/beat	82 ± 9	92 ± 12	86 ± 11	83 ± 10	82 ± 10
Cardiac output, l/min	5.4 ± 0.5	6.8 ± 0.6†	7.0 ± 0.8†	7.0 ± 0.8†	7.3 ± 0.7†
Systemic vascular conductance, ml·min−1·mmHg	65 ± 6	70 ± 7	72 ± 8	72 ± 8	69 ± 6
Systemic vascular resistance, mmHg·l−1·min	19 ± 3	16 ± 2	18 ± 3	17 ± 2	17 ± 2

HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Data are expressed as means ± SE.

^*Significant difference from control, P < 0.05.

^†Significant difference from rest, P < 0.05.