Mitochondrial and glycolytic adaptations with MOD EX or VIG EX. Citrate synthase activity (A), β-HAD activity (B), complete palmitate oxidation (C), mitochondrial proteins (D), carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1a mRNA expression (CPT-1a; E), representative Western blots (F), glycogen synthase kinase 3β (G), glycogen synthase (H), and liver glycogen (I). Values (n=8–10 per group, means ± SE) with different letter superscripts are significantly different (p<0.05).