Table 4.
Univariate model showing association between stunting among slum children and various individual and sociodemographic characteristics.
| Independent variable | Stunting | Total (%) | “P” value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Absent | Present | |||
| Number (%) | Number (%) | |||
| Age (in years) of child | ||||
| 3–6 | 63 (39.4) | 97 (60.6) | 160 (64.3) | 0.190 |
| 6–9 | 43 (48.3) | 46 (51.7) | 89 (35.7) | |
| Gender of child | ||||
| Female | 77 (45.2) | 93 (54.7) | 170 (68.3) | 0.058 |
| Male | 29 (36.7) | 50 (63.3) | 79 (31.7) | |
| Birth order of child | ||||
| First | 33 (39.8) | 50 (60.2) | 83 (33.3) | 0.429 |
| Second | 54 (43.5) | 70 (56.5) | 124 (49.8) | |
| Third | 19 (45.2) | 23 (54.8) | 42 (16.9) | |
| Initiation of breastfeeding | ||||
| Within 1 hr | 44 (40.7) | 64 (59.3) | 108 (43.4) | 0.528 |
| Between 1 and 24 hrs | 50 (45.5) | 60 (54.5) | 110 (44.2) | |
| After 24 hrs | 12 (38.7) | 19 (61.3) | 31 (12.4) | |
| Mother's age (in years) at birth of child | ||||
| ≤20 | 20 (28.6) | 50 (71.4) | 70 (28.1) | 0.015 |
| 21–30 | 72 (49.3) | 74 (50.7) | 146 (58.6) | |
| ≥30 | 14 (42.4) | 19 (57.6) | 33 (13.3) | |
| Mother's education | ||||
| Illiterate | 23 (32.9) | 47 (67.1) | 70 (28.1) | 0.093 |
| Primary | 24 (32.4) | 50 (67.6) | 74 (29.7) | |
| Middle | 39 (51.3) | 37 (48.7) | 76 (30.5) | |
| High school and above | 20 (69.0) | 09 (31.0) | 29 (11.7) | |
| Father's education | ||||
| Illiterate | 21 (27.6) | 55 (72.4) | 76 (30.5) | 0.107 |
| Primary | 29 (45.3) | 35 (54.7) | 64 (25.7) | |
| Middle | 32 (48.5) | 34 (51.5) | 66 (26.5) | |
| High school and above | 24 (55.8) | 19 (44.2) | 43 (17.3) | |
| Type of familya | ||||
| Joint | 10 (32.3) | 21 (67.7) | 31 (12.4) | 0.327 |
| Nuclear | 96 (44) | 122 (56.0) | 218 (87.6) | |
| Per capita monthly incomeb | ||||
| <Rs. 2000 | 14 (31.8) | 30 (68.2) | 44 (17.7) | 0.235 |
| Rs. 2000–Rs. 4000 | 53 (39.8) | 80 (60.2) | 133 (53.4) | |
| ≥Rs. 4000 | 39 (54.2) | 33 (45.8) | 72 (28.9) | |
| Overcrowding | ||||
| Absent | 34 (47.2) | 38 (52.8) | 72 (28.9) | 0.387 |
| Present | 72 (40.7) | 105 (59.3) | 177 (71.1) | |
| Toilet facility | ||||
| Absent | 26 (32.1) | 55 (67.9) | 81 (32.5) | 0.019 |
| Present | 80 (47.6) | 88 (52.4) | 168 (67.5) | |
| Drinking water storage | ||||
| Satisfactory | 44 (55.7) | 35 (44.3) | 79 (31.7) | 0.007 |
| Unsatisfactory | 62 (36.5) | 108 (63.5) | 170 (68.3) | |
*Significance is based on adjusted chi-square statistic.
aJoint family consists of two or more married couples and their children living together in the same household, all the men being related by blood of patrilineal descent. Nuclear family consists of the married couple and their dependent children, residing in the same household.
bOne US dollar is equivalent to Rs. 60 (approximately).