Table 3.
Univariate analysis of mortality in-hospital and following discharge.
| Characteristics | Hospital mortality | Mortality following hospital discharge | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted SHR (95% CI) | P value | Unadjusted SHR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Female sex | 0.93 (0.76–1.13) | 0.462 | 1.01 (0.82–1.26) | 0.898 |
| Age ≥ 65 years | 1.81 (1.49–2.19) | <0.001 | 1.90 (1.53–2.35) | <0.001 |
| Race | 0.163 | 0.001 | ||
| Chinese | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Malay | 0.90 (0.71–1.14) | 0.375 | 1.05 (0.82–1.35) | 0.685 |
| Indian | 0.67 (0.46–0.96) | 0.030 | 0.71 (0.48–1.04) | 0.080 |
| Others | 0.88 (0.60–1.30) | 0.503 | 0.21 (0.09–0.48) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities | 0.120 | <0.001 | ||
| 0-1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 2-3 | 1.11 (0.86–1.42) | 0.428 | 2.40 (1.69–3.42) | <0.001 |
| >3 | 1.28 (1.01–1.62) | 0.044 | 3.94 (2.83–5.48) | <0.001 |
| Diagnosis | ||||
| Sepsis | ||||
| Pulmonary | 1.11 (0.90–1.38) | 0.335 | 0.76 (0.59–0.98) | 0.037 |
| Others | 1.20 (0.84–1.71) | 0.315 | 0.46 (0.25–0.84) | 0.011 |
| Organ-specific disease | ||||
| Hepatic | 0.94 (0.65–1.36) | 0.743 | 1.52 (1.05–2.20) | 0.025 |
| Neurological | 1.51 (1.06–2.13) | 0.021 | 0.77 (0.48–1.25) | 0.289 |
| Renal | 0.56 (0.32–0.96) | 0.036 | 2.32 (1.63–3.32) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular | 0.93 (0.57–1.51) | 0.768 | 1.10 (0.67–1.78) | 0.713 |
| Endocrine | 0.21 (0.07–0.64) | 0.006 | 0.57 (0.26–1.28) | 0.176 |
| Pulmonary, airway | 0.55 (0.35–0.86) | 0.008 | 1.74 (1.27–2.40) | 0.001 |
| Pulmonary, others* | 0.69 (0.33–1.43) | 0.315 | 1.67 (0.96–2.93) | 0.072 |
| Malignancy | <0.001 | 0.022 | ||
| Hematological | 2.18 (1.60–2.98) | <0.001 | 0.97 (0.57–1.65) | 0.916 |
| Nonhematological | 2.43 (1.68–3.53) | <0.001 | 1.99 (1.22–3.24) | 0.006 |
| Others | 0.69 (0.49–0.97) | 0.033 | 0.61 (0.41–0.89) | 0.011 |
| Investigations | ||||
| Hemoglobin, per g/dL | 0.94 (0.91–0.97) | <0.001 | 0.93 (0.90–0.96) | <0.001 |
| Platelets, per/mm3 | 0.999 (0.998–0.9997) | 0.011 | 1.001 (1.000–1.002) | 0.007 |
| White blood cells, per/mm3 | 1.003 (0.999–1.007) | 0.104 | 1.001 (0.996–1.006) | 0.773 |
| BUN, per mmol/L | 1.006 (0.999–1.014) | 0.103 | 1.010 (1.002–1.018) | 0.016 |
| Creatinine, per µmol/L | 0.9999 (0.9997–1.0003) | 0.922 | 1.0003 (0.9999–1.0007) | 0.062 |
| MPM II score, per point | 1.03 (1.02-1.03) | <0.001 | 1.005 (1.001–1.010) | 0.009 |
| Treatment | ||||
| Mechanical ventilation | 4.66 (3.51–6.19) | <0.001 | 0.71 (0.57–0.88) | 0.002 |
| Noninvasive ventilation | 0.75 (0.61–0.91) | 0.004 | 1.62 (1.31–2.01) | <0.001 |
| Vasopressor | 4.04 (3.23–5.04) | <0.001 | 0.58 (0.46–0.72) | <0.001 |
| Packed cell transfusion | 1.91 (1.57–2.31) | <0.001 | 0.98 (0.77–1.24) | 0.848 |
| Renal replacement therapy | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Preexisting | 2.78 (2.20–3.53) | <0.001 | 0.54 (0.34–0.86) | 0.010 |
| New cases | 1.29 (0.95–1.77) | 0.107 | 1.58 (1.16–2.15) | 0.004 |
| CPR prior to admission | 4.00 (2.94–5.44) | <0.001 | 0.98 (0.60–1.60) | 0.926 |
SHR: subdistribution hazard ratio; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; CI: confidence interval; CPR: cardiopulmonary resuscitation; MPM: mortality prediction model; *Refers specifically to obstructive sleep apnea and restrictive lung diseases.