Malate concentrations in yeast cells, soybean hairy roots, and Arabidopsis with SgMDH1 overexpression. A, Malate concentrations in yeast cells. CK indicates yeast cells transformed with the empty vector pYES2. OX1, OX2, and OX3 are three clones with SgMDH1 overexpression. B, Malate concentrations in soybean hairy roots. CK indicates soybean hairy roots transformed with the empty vector. OX indicates soybean hairy roots overexpressing SgMDH1. C, Malate concentrations in Arabidopsis. WT indicates the wild-type Columbia ecotype of Arabidopsis. OX1, OX2, and OX3 are three transgenic lines overexpressing SgMDH1. Each bar presents the mean of four independent replicates with se. Asterisks indicate significant differences between the control and the SgMDH1 overexpression lines at the P = 0.05 level. A single asterisk indicates 0.01 < P < 0.05 and two asterisks indicate 0.001 < P < 0.01. FW, Fresh weight.