Table 2. Average movement parameters (± se) of P. melanarius in an arena experiment with hunger level, gender and crop species as factors.

	Starved (N = 48)	Fed (N = 49)	d.d.f.	F *	p two- sided
Time in arena's interior (min)	15.8±1.2	11.6±0.8	91.7	8.6	0.004
Move length m 1 (cm)	10.9±0.4	11.7±0.4	90.7	7.3	0.008
Angular dispersion ψ (-)	0.707±0.011	0.700±0.013	92.4	0.01	0.940
Move duration τ (s)	7.3±0.5	5.6±0.2	89.5	9.8	0.002
Squared move length m 2 (cm2)	165.0±11.9	188.3±12.3	90.4	7.0	0.01
Speed v (cm s−1)	1.7±0.1	2.2±0.1	92.9	12.6	<0.001
Motility μ (cm2 s−1)	38.3±5.1	50.3±6.8	91.3	8.8	0.004
Daily motility μ (m2 d−1)	151.7±20.2	199.2±26.9
	Female (N = 50)	Male (N = 47)	d.d.f.	F *	p two- sided
Time in arena's interior (min)	14.0±1.0	13.4±1.2	91.8	0.7	0.409
Move length m 1 (cm)	11.2±0.3	11.4±0.5	90.4	0.2	0.704
Angular dispersion ψ (-)	0.701±0.009	0.706±0.014	92.2	0.2	0.650
Move duration τ (s)	6.2±0.2	6.6±0.6	88.2	1.3	0.260
Squared move length m 2 (cm2)	172.2±8.2	181.8±15.5	90.1	0.2	0.702
Speed v (cm s−1)	1.9±0.1	2.1±0.1	92.8	2.1	0.154
Motility μ (cm2 s−1)	37.1±2.9	52.2±8.2	91.0	0.2	0.696
Daily motility μ (m2 d−1)	146.9±11.5	206.7±32.5
	Oilseed radish (N = 53)	Rye (N = 44)		F *	p two- sided
Time in arena's interior (min)	15.6±1.1	11.4±1.0	87.3	12.2	<0.001
Move length m 1 (cm)	11.5±0.3	11.1±0.4	85.7	0.4	0.521
Angular dispersion ψ (-)	0.704±0.011	0.702±0.014	86.3	0	0.906
Move duration τ (s)	6.6±0.4	6.3±0.4	85.7	0.5	0.483
Squared move length m 2 (cm2)	180.0±9.5	173.0±15.2	85.7	0.9	0.352
Speed v (cm s−1)	2.0±0.1	2.0±0.1	86.4	0.1	0.737
Motility μ (cm2 s−1)	41.5±4.1	47.9±8.1	85.9	0	0.952
Daily motility μ (m2 d−1)	164.3±16.2	189.7±32.1

Number of observations per factor are indicated in the column headings. Beetles were recorded for 50 min in arenas of 5 m². P-values in bold indicate significant differences (p<0.05) between treatment groups.

*F statistic, n.d.f. = 1 for all tests.