Table 2.
A comparison between amphetamines and cathinone on known neuroendocrine appetite modulating factors.
| Amphetamines | Khat/Cathinone | |
|---|---|---|
| Appetite Inducing | ||
| Neuropeptide Y (NPY) | AE1–4 | -- |
| Norepinephrine | AE5–9 | AE10,11 |
| Aguoti related peptide (AgRP) | -- | -- |
| Orexin A & B | AE-NA12–14 | -- |
| Melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) | -- | -- |
| Ghrelin | AE-NA15,16 | HE17 |
| Appetite Suppressing | ||
| Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) | AE18,19 | -- |
| Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) | AE20,21 | -- |
| Leptin | AE-NA22 | AE23 HE24 |
| Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) | AE25,26 | -- |
| Melanin | AE-NA27 | -- |
| Corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) | AE-NA27 | -- |
| Bombesin | AE28 | -- |
| Glucagon | AE-NA29 | -- |
| Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) | AE-NA30 | -- |
| Peptide YY (PYY) | AE28 | HE17 |
| Apolipoprotein A-IV | -- | -- |
| Amylin | -- | -- |
| Somatostatin | AE-NA31 | -- |
| Enterostatin | -- | -- |
| Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNF) | -- | -- |
| Serotonin | AE32–35 HE38 HO39 |
AE36,37 |
NOTE: Abbreviations include AE = Animal Experimental, AE-NA = Animal Experimental Not Appetite specific, HE = Human Experimental, HO = Human observational studies. Select references are shown but are not meant to be comprehensive.
5–9
Cleary and Docherty, 2003; Harris and Baldessarini, 1973; Heikkila et al., 1975; Holmes and Rutledge, 1976; Kalix, 1983;
22
Hao et al., 2004;
36,37