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Cloning genes underlying HGIs requires using appropriate genetic backgrounds for engineering or complementation testing. Here, we focus on allele replacement strategies. The top panel (black border) shows examples that will fail to validate a gene’s effect, whereas the bottom panel (red border) shows examples that will succeed in validating a gene’s effect. In the plots illustrating phenotypic effects, ‘s’ refers to the starting genotype, while ‘e’ refers to the engineered genotype.
