. 2014 Sep 17;87(1):46–61. doi: 10.1038/ki.2014.293

Table 2a. Hospital-based incidence rates of AKI for cardiac surgery before and after RIFLE/AKIN/KDIGO.

Study	Era			Country	Enrollment	Setting	Definition of AKI	Incidence
Chertow et al.¹³⁴	Before			USA (Veterans Affairs)	1987–1994	Cardiac surgery	RRT	1.1%
Mangano et al.¹³⁵	RIFLE	AKIN	KDIGO	USA	1991–1993	Cardiac surgery	Postoperative serum creatinine >2 mg/dl with at least a 0.7 mg/dl increase from preoperative levels.	7.7%
Lenihan et al.⁷⁵				USA (National Hospital Discharge Survey)	1999–2008	Cardiac surgery	ICD-9 Codes for ARF	7.7%
Hobson et al.¹³⁶	After			USA (Florida)	1992–2002	Cardiothoracic surgery	RIFLE	43%
Dasta et al.¹³⁷	RIFLE	AKIN	KDIGO	USA (Pittsburgh)	1998–2002	Cardiac surgery (CABG)	RIFLE	6.9%
Kuitunen et al.¹³⁸				Finland (Helsinki)	2003	Cardiac surgery	RIFLE	19.3%