Table 1.

Summary of current mechanosensory concepts and structures

1. Transmembrane proteins and membrane-associated complexes

(a) mechanosensitive ion channels (i.e., some channels are activated, while others are inactivated by cell stretch) (b) integrins and the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex (c) structures: caveolae (d) enzymes: receptor tyrosine kinase (mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK))

2. Protein–protein interaction-mediated processes (posttranslational modifications)

3. Sarcomere-related mechanosignaling, including titin (length sensor), actomyosin interaction, AMPK, and Z-disc (tension sensor)