Table 1.

Mitochondrial DAMPs

DAMP	Location of action	Receptor	Inflammatory activity	Refs
mtDNA	Endosomal	TLR9	Monocyte and macrophage activation Neutrophil Ca2+ mobilization, degranulation and chemotaxis Cytokine secretion Arthritis promotion when injected into joints Systemic lung and liver inflammation and shock when injected intravenously	83–85
	Intracellular	AIM2 and other uncharacterized receptor(s)	Caspase 1 activation and cytokine secretion	94
N-formyl peptides	Extracellular	FPR1	Monocyte activation Neutrophil Ca2+ mobilization, degranulation, oxidative burst and chemotaxis Cytokine secretion Systemic lung and liver inflammation and shock when injected intravenously	85, 87–91
Mitochondrial TFAM	Extracellular (functions in combination with N-formyl peptides)	Uncharacterized	Monocyte activation and cytokine secretion	91
Mitochondrial ATP	Extracellular	P2RX7 and NLRP3 inflammasome	Caspase 1 activation and cytokine secretion Neutrophil migration when injected intraperitoneally	93
mROS	Intracellular	NLRP3 inflammasome	Caspase 1 activation and cytokine secretion	94,97

AIM2, absent in melanoma 2; DAMP, damage-associated molecular pattern; FPR1, formyl-peptide receptor 1; mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA; mROS, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species; NLRP3, NOD−, LRR− and pyrin domain-containing 3; P2RX7, P2X purinoceptor 7; TFAM, mitochondrial transcription factor A; TLR9, Toll-like receptor 9.