Table 1.
Depressive symptomatology on CES-D10 by demographic and nativity characteristics.
| Depression score (CES-D10) | Depression, ≥ 10 CES-D10 | Odds ratios for high depressive symptoms | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Prevalence | Model 1* | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
| N | Mean (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Overall | 15864 | 7.0 (6.8, 7.1) | 27.0 (25.8, 28.2) | - | - | - |
| Demographic Characteristics | ||||||
| Hispanic/LatinoBackground‡ | ||||||
| Mexican | 6378 | 6.3 (6.1, 6.6) | 22.3 (20.4, 24.3) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Dominican | 1396 | 7.1 (6.7, 7.5) | 27.4 (24.6, 30.4) | 1.30 (1.08, 1.57) | 0.88 (0.64, 1.20) | 0.92 (0.68, 1.25) |
| Central American | 1684 | 6.6 (6.2, 6.9) | 24.9 (22.4, 27.5) | 1.16 (0.97, 1.38) | 1.07 (0.83, 1.37) | 1.08 (0.85, 1.38) |
| Cuban | 2265 | 6.9 (6.5, 7.2) | 27.9 (25.6, 30.4) | 1.36 (1.16, 1.61) | 1.35 (1.04, 1.75) | 1.44 (1.11, 1.85) |
| Puerto Rican | 2603 | 8.8 (8.3, 9.2) | 38.0 (35.2, 41.0) | 2.15 (1.82, 2.54) | 1.62 (1.25, 2.10) | 1.54 (1.20, 1.98) |
| South American | 1039 | 6.5 (6.0, 6.9) | 24.2 (20.9, 27.7) | 1.12 (0.90, 1.40) | 0.96 (0.74, 1.26) | 1.12 (0.85, 1.46) |
| Sex‡ | ||||||
| Men | 6356 | 6.0 (5.8, 6.2) | 20.7 (19.2, 22.2) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Women | 9508 | 7.9 (7.7, 8.1) | 32.8 (31.3, 34.4) | 1.86 (1.66, 2.08) | 1.90 (1.70, 2.13) | 2.01 (1.79, 2.26) |
| Age Group‡ | ||||||
| 18–44 | 6488 | 6.6 (6.4, 6.8) | 24.0 (22.5, 25.5) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 45–64 | 8103 | 7.7 (7.5, 8.0) | 32.1 (30.5, 33.7) | 1.50 (1.35, 1.67) | 1.45 (1.30, 1.60) | 1.20 (1.07, 1.35) |
| 65–74 | 1273 | 7.0 (6.5, 7.5) | 29.4 (26.0, 33.1) | 1.36 (1.12, 1.64) | 1.23 (1.01, 1.50) | 0.86 (0.68, 1.07) |
| Education‡ | ||||||
| >HS | 5611 | 6.3 (6.0, 6.5) | 22.5 (20.8, 24.3) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| HS or equivalent | 4030 | 6.9 (6.6, 7.2) | 26.6 (24.5, 28.8) | 1.25 (1.08, 1.44) | 1.35 (1.16, 1.56) | 1.33 (1.15, 1.54) |
| <HS | 5906 | 7.9 (7.6, 8.2) | 32.9 (31.0, 34.9) | 1.69 (1.49, 1.93) | 1.71 (1.49, 1.96) | 1.65 (1.44, 1.89) |
| Marital Status‡ | ||||||
| Married/Living with a partner | 8221 | 6.3 (6.1, 6.5) | 23.1 (21.7, 24.6) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Single | 4350 | 7.3 (7.0, 7.5) | 28.5 (26.6, 30.5) | 1.30 (1.15, 1.47) | 1.31 (1.15, 1.49) | 1.33 (1.17, 1.51) |
| Divorced | 2605 | 8.3 (8.0, 8.7) | 35.4 (32.9, 38.0) | 1.86 (1.63, 2.11) | 1.50 (1.32, 1.72) | 1.52 (1.33, 1.74) |
| Widowed | 657 | 8.6 (7.3, 9.9) | 36.6 (29.7, 44.0) | 1.86 (1.34, 2.57) | 1.23 (0.90, 1.68) | 1.13 (0.84, 1.53) |
| Acculturation-related Variables | ||||||
| Nativity† | ||||||
| Foreign Born | 13089 | 6.8 (6.7, 7.0) | 26.4 (25.2, 27.6) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| U.S. Born | 2760 | 7.4 (7.0, 7.7) | 29.1 (26.6, 31.8) | 1.14 (0.99, 1.30) | 1.19 (1.02, 1.40) | 1.19 (1.01, 1.41) |
| Interview language†a | ||||||
| Spanish | 12707 | 6.8 (6.6, 7.0) | 26.4 (25.1, 27.7) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| English | 3157 | 7.5 (7.2, 7.8) | 28.9 (26.6, 31.3) | 1.12 (0.98, 1.27) | 1.03 (0.89, 1.19) | 1.06 (0.91, 1.23) |
| Immigrant Generation† | ||||||
| First | 12837 | 6.8 (6.7, 7.0) | 26.3 (25.1, 27.6) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Second | 2992 | 7.4 (7.0, 7.7) | 29.0 (26.7, 31.5) | 1.14 (1.00, 1.29) | 1.20 (1.04, 1.38) | 1.19 (1.03, 1.38) |
| Age at immigration† | ||||||
| U.S. Born | 2760 | 7.4 (7.0, 7.7) | 29.1 (26.6, 31.8) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Child (0–12) | 1409 | 7.3 (6.8, 7.8) | 28.0 (24.7, 31.7) | 0.94 (0.75, 1.17) | 0.85 (0.68, 1.06) | 0.87 (0.70, 1.09) |
| Adolescent (13–19) | 2100 | 6.7 (6.3, 7.1) | 23.8 (20.8, 27.2) | 0.78 (0.63, 0.97) | 0.83 (0.67, 1.04) | 0.79 (0.63, 0.99) |
| Young Adult (20–44) | 7762 | 6.7 (6.5, 6.9) | 25.7 (24.3, 27.2) | 0.85 (0.74, 0.98) | 0.83 (0.70, 0.98) | 0.84 (0.71, 1.01) |
| Middle Adult (45–64) | 1681 | 7.2 (6.8, 7.6) | 30.0 (27.0, 33.2) | 1.06 (0.88, 1.28) | 0.85 (0.67, 1.08) | 0.86 (0.68, 1.10) |
| Older Adult (65+) | 96 | 7.4 (6.0, 8.8) | 37.5 (25.6, 51.1) | 1.38 (0.77, 2.45) | 1.22 (0.64, 2.29) | 1.44 (0.82, 2.52) |
All estimates, except n, account for probability sampling.
P value<0.01,
P value<0.0001 for chi-square test
Model 1 is unadjusted. Model 2 adjusts for Hispanic background, clinical center, age group, and sex. Model 3 adjusts for variables in Model 2, plus education, marital status, number of CVD risk factors, and comorbidity. CVD risk factor counts include smoking status, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia.
Diabetes is defined as fasting glucose greater than or equal to 126 mg/dL, or non-fasting glucose greater than or equal to 200 mg/dL, or hemoglobin A1C greater than or equal to 6.5%, or use of current diabetes medication.
Hypertension is defined as systolic or diastolic blood pressure is greater than or equal to 140/90 mmHg or use of current antihypertensive medications.
Dyslipidemia is defined as LDL cholesterol greater than or equal to 160 mg/dL, or HDL cholesterol less than or equal to 40 mg/dL, or triglycerides greater than or equal to 200 mg/dL.
Obesity is defined as BMI greater than or equal to 30.
First generation immigrant refers to foreign born participants with foreign born parents; Second generation immigrant refers to US or foreign born participants with at least one US born parent