Table 2.
Depressive symptoms and cardiovascular disease
| Depression score (CES-D10) | Depression, CES-D10 ≥ 10 | Odds ratios for high depressive symptoms | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| Prevalence | Model 1* | Model 2* | |||
|
| |||||
| N | Mean (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| History of CVD morbidity‡ | |||||
| None (No MI, revascularization, or stroke) | 15148 | 6.9 (6.7, 7.1) | 26.5 (25.3, 27.7) | 1 | 1 |
| Any CVD | 698 | 8.8 (8.1, 9.5) | 40.9 (35.6, 46.5) | 1.94 (1.54, 2.45) | 1.77 (1.35, 2.33) |
| Type of CVD history | |||||
| Revascularization only | 136 | 9.6 (8.2, 11.0) | 47.1 (36.9, 57.5) | 2.39 (1.56, 3.66) | 1.95 (1.25, 3.04) |
| MI (MI only or MI+revasculartion) | 464 | 9.1 (8.2, 9.9) | 42.4 (35.5, 49.5) | 2.03 (1.53, 2.69) | 1.84 (1.31, 2.59) |
| Stroke only | 182 | 8.0 (6.8, 9.2) | 36.2 (27.9, 45.5) | 1.64 (1.10, 2.45) | 1.53 (1.00, 2.36) |
| MI or stroke (excluding revascularization) | 516 | 9.1 (8.3, 9.9) | 42.8 (36.4, 49.5) | 2.07 (1.58, 2.71) | 1.88 (1.36, 2.59) |
| Number of CVD Risk Factors ‡ | |||||
| 0 | 3503 | 6.0 (5.8, 7.1) | 20.0 (18.1, 22.0) | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 4859 | 7.0 (6.7, 7.3) | 26.7 (24.9, 28.6) | 1.46 (1.27, 1.69) | 1.47 (1.27, 1.70) |
| 2 | 4094 | 7.1 (6.8, 7.4) | 28.5 (26.2, 30.9) | 1.59 (1.35, 1.88) | 1.59 (1.34, 1.89) |
| 3 | 2285 | 7.8 (7.5, 8.2) | 32.6 (30.1, 35.3) | 1.96 (1.67, 2.29) | 1.95 (1.64, 2.31) |
| 4 | 948 | 8.9 (8.2, 9.5) | 41.4 (36.5, 46.4) | 2.80 (2.21, 3.57) | 2.52 (1.97, 3.23) |
| 5 | 106 | 10.6 (9.0, 12.3) | 52.5 (38.7, 65.9) | 4.36 (2.47, 7.70) | 3.38 (1.93, 5.93) |
All estimates, except n, account for probability sampling.
P value <0.0001 for chi-square test
Model 1 is unadjusted. Model 2 adjusts for Hispanic background, clinical center, and age.
CVD risk factor counts include smoking status, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia.
Diabetes is defined as fasting glucose greater than or equal to 126 mg/dL, or non-fasting glucose greater than or equal to 200 mg/dL, or hemoglobin A1C greater than or equal to 6.5%, or use of current diabetes medication.
Hypertension is defined as systolic or diastolic blood pressure is greater than or equal to 140/90 mmHg or use of current antihypertensive medications.
Dyslipidemia is defined as LDL cholesterol greater than or equal to 160 mg/dL, or HDL cholesterol less than or equal to 40 mg/dL, or triglycerides greater than or equal to 200 mg/dL.
Obesity is defined as BMI greater than or equal to 30.