. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jan 31.

Published in final edited form as: Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2015 Feb;34(2):e32–e40. doi: 10.1097/INF.0000000000000483

TABLE 3.

Effects of Daily 7000IU Vitamin D₃ Supplementation on Markers of HIV Immune Status at 3, 6, and 12 Months

	Time of study visit								Fixed effect of randomization^*
	Baseline		3 mo		6 mo		12 mo		Fixed effect of randomization^*

	n	n (%)	n	n (%)	n	n (%)	n	n (%)
RNA detectable (yes)
Placebo	27	11 (41)	27	12 (44)	27	13 (48)	23	13 (57)
Supplement	28	13 (46)	30	12 (40)	30	15 (50)	27	15 (56)

	n	mean ± SD	n	mean ± SD	n	mean ± SD	n	mean ± SD	LSMean ± SE

RNA detectable (log₁₀ copies/mL)
Placebo	11	3.06 ± 1.02	12	3.57 ± 1.23	13	3.36 ± 0.94	13	3.78 ± 1.06^†	3.53 ± 0.15
Supplement	13	3.29 ± 0.92	12	2.99 ± 0.84	15	3.03 ± 1.00	15	3.12 ± 0.81	3.06 ± 0.14^§
CD3%
Placebo	28	79.4 ± 8.4	27	79.6 ± 10.0	26	81.1 ± 9.5	23	81.0 ± 10.1	81.8 ± 1.0
Supplement	30	78.8 ± 5.8	30	80.1 ± 6.8	30	81.4 ± 6.4^‡	27	82.7 ± 6.7^‡	80.1 ± 0.9
CD4%
Placebo	28	32.9 ± 14.4	27	31.2 ± 14.1^†	26	31.9 ± 13.7	23	33.1 ± 14.8	30.6 ± 1.0
Supplement	30	30.8 ± 9.5	30	31.8 ± 9.2	30	31.9 ± 8.0	27	32.3 ± 11.1	33.1 ± 0.9^\|\|
CD8%
Placebo	28	43.1 ± 15.1	27	45.0 ± 15.2	26	45.9 ± 14.6	23	45.0 ± 14.4	45.6 ± 1.2
Supplement	30	44.8 ± 9.0	30	45.6 ± 10.3	30	46.5 ± 10.3	27	46.7 ± 10.3	46.2 ± 1.1
CD19%
Placebo	28	10.6 ± 5.2	27	8.7 ± 4.7	27	8.9 ± 6.2	23	8.1 ± 5.4^†	8.3 ± 0.6
Supplement	30	9.5 ± 3.5	30	8.3 ± 4.0	30	7.8 ± 3.9^†	27	7.1 ± 4.0^†	7.9 ± 0.6
Th memory%
Placebo	28	51.1 ± 13.7	27	49.7 ± 16.2	26	50.8 ± 16.4	23	52.0 ± 19.0	49.2 ± 1.2
Supplement	30	47.4 ± 11.4	30	44.6 ± 9.2^†	30	45.4 ± 10.9	27	46.8 ± 9.8	47.2 ± 1.1
Th naïve%
Placebo	28	44.4 ± 12.3	27	42.6 ± 12.1	26	43.6 ± 11.4	23	42.5 ± 15.5	42.9 ± 1.0
Supplement	30	45.1 ± 13.0	30	47.0 ± 10.7^†	29	47.8 ± 11.3	27	46.7 ± 10.0	47.1 ± 0.9^¶
NK%
Placebo	28	8.4 ± 5.8	27	10.0 ± 8.3	26	9.8 ± 7.7	23	9.3 ± 8.0	10.1 ± 0.8
Supplement	30	8.8 ± 4.6	30	9.2 ± 4.9	30	8.5 ± 3.8	27	9.0 ± 5.4	8.5 ± 0.7
NKp30%
Placebo	28	44.8 ± 23.9	27	40.6 ± 22.2	27	42.2 ± 22.7	23	43.9 ± 22.1	40.8 ± 2.1
Supplement	30	41.4 ± 25.8	30	40.2 ± 20.9	30	39.5 ± 19.7	27	40.1 ± 26.5	41.3 ± 2.0
NKp44%
Placebo	28	1.7 ± 2.0	27	0.8 ± 1.3^†	27	1.0 ± 0.9^†	23	1.6 ± 2.7	1.1 ± 0.2
Supplement	30	1.6 ± 2.0	30	1.1 ± 1.2	30	1.8 ± 3.2	27	1.2 ± 1.8	1.4 ± 0.2^§
NKp46%
Placebo	28	52.8 ± 23.8	27	55.9 ± 23.3	27	48.8 ± 23.5	23	50.7 ± 25.5	50.4 ± 2.9
Supplement	30	48.5 ± 25.1	30	49.2 ± 21.1	30	47.5 ± 19.6	27	47.1 ± 24.8	49.0 ± 2.8
HLA-DR%
Placebo	28	25.4 ± 17.6	27	27.4 ± 17.9	26	25.1 ± 16.7	23	22.0 ± 15.7	24.9 ± 1.9
Supplement	30	24.2 ± 14.3	30	22.5 ± 14.1	30	22.0 ± 14.2	27	23.5 ± 14.5	23.0 ± 1.7

Definitions: CD3%, T cells %, CD45⁺/CD3⁺; CD4%, T helper cells %, CD45⁺/CD3⁺/CD4⁺; CD8%, T cytotoxic cells %, CD45⁺/CD3⁺/CD8⁺; CD19%, B cells %, CD45⁺/CD3⁻/CD19⁺; HLA-DR%, activated cytotoxic T cells %, CD3⁺/CD8⁺/CD38⁺; LSMean, least square mean; NK%, NK (natural killer) cells %, CD45⁺/CD3⁻/CD16⁺CD56⁺; NKp30%, NKp30⁺ NK cells % (natural cytotoxicity receptor), CD45⁺/CD3⁻/CD16⁺CD56⁺/NKp30⁺; NKp44%, NKp44⁺ NK cells % (natural cytotoxicity receptor), CD45⁺/CD3⁻/CD16⁺CD56⁺/NKp44⁺; NKp46%, NKp46⁺ NK cells % (natural cytotoxicity receptor), CD45⁺/CD3⁻/CD16⁺CD56⁺/NKp46⁺; Th memory%, memory T helper cells %, CD3⁺/CD4⁺/CD45RA⁻/CD45RO⁺; Th naïve%, naïve T helper cells %, CD3⁺/CD4⁺/CD45RA⁺/CD62L⁺.

Results are the fixed effect of randomization group from multilevel regression model (SAS PROC MIXED) testing for persistence of response at 3–12 months based on untransformed data, also controlling for time of study visit and adjusting for baseline values; data are LSMean ± SE. The significance of the fixed effect was assessed or confirmed based on log₁₀-transformed data.

^†

Significantly different from baseline within randomization group by paired t-test at P < 0.05;

^‡

P < 0.01.

^§

Fixed effect for supplementation significantly different from placebo at P < 0.05;

^¶

P < 0.01.

^||

Fixed effect for supplementation significantly different from placebo at P < 0.10.