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Tibial nerve stimulation (TNS) failed to inhibit spinal reflex bladder activity. A: CMG tracings before and after propranolol administration. The downward arrow on CMG tracing indicates where the bladder capacity is measured. B: TNS has no effect on bladder capacity before or after propranolol treatment (n = 5 cats). C: administration of naloxone (CMG tracings not shown) also had no effect on bladder capacity with/without TNS (n = 5 cats).
