Fig. 1.

Fold increase in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α; A and B) and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3; C) mRNA following 2 h stimulation with microbial products relative to no treatment. A: polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [Poly(I:C); P(I:C); 0.1 μg/ml], LPS (0.1 μg/ml), flagellin (FLA; 0.1 μg/ml), and Trichuris muris excretory/secretory protein (ES; 0.1 mg/ml) were added to the culture medium. Flagellin was the only Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand shown to significantly promote TNF-α mRNA (n = 5). B: flagellin promoted TNF-α expression in a dose-dependent manner (n = 5). C: flagellin did not induce SOCS3 mRNA relative to no-treatment controls (No Tx) (n = 6). *P ≤ 0.05 vs. No Tx.