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. 2014 May 9;30(11):1085–1102. doi: 10.1002/cnm.2645

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Proposed cellular interactions in multiple myeloma (MM) development. (1) Bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC)-MM cells adhesion enhances the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) by BMSCs 24; (2) transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) stimulates the production of IL-6 25,26; (3) IL-6 stimulates the proliferation of MM cells 2527; (4) immature osteoblasts support the growth and survival of MM cells, whereas mature osteoblasts enhance the apoptosis of MM cells; (5) the blockade of differentiation into mature osteoblasts contributes to the increase of the ratio of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand/osteoprotegerin (RANKL/OPG) and thus promotes osteoclasts proliferation; (6) and TGF-β potentially inhibits later phases of osteoblast differentiation and maturation. For further information on the significance of the different colours and solid/hollow connecting lines, see the main text.