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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jan 31.
Published in final edited form as: Eur Urol. 2014 Jul 2;67(2):326–333. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2014.05.039

Table 2. Univariable and Multivariable Hazard Ratios of CAPRA-S, GC and standard clinicopathologic variables via Firth’s penalized likelihood method.

23.

CAPRA-S was included in the multivariable analysis as it is essentially a summary of all those variables. CAPRA-S is compared to GC separately in multivariable settings. Hazard ratios for GC are reported per 10% unit increase. Due to the high-risk nature of this cohort, pathologic GS is dichotomized (≥8) because there were too few GS 6 tumors to use it as a reference group. Estimation of the effect sizes in the multivariable model was performed using an adaptation of Firth’s method towards the Cox model to reduce the potential bias associated with small sample size24. Confidence intervals and p-values are unadjusted for the case-cohort design. Estimates of hazard ratios may be compared to those listed in Table S3.

Univariable Analysis Using Firth’s Penalized Method**
Variable Treatment Hazard Ratio (95 %CI) p-value
GC 0.1 unit increments 1.86 (1.54 – 2.29)** p<0.001
CAPRA-S 1 unit increments 1.45 (1.25 – 1.68)** p<0.001
Pathologic Gleason Score ≥8 vs. 6–7 6.39 (2.80 – 16.80)** p<0.001
Lymph Nodes Present 3.70 (1.56 – 8.07)** 0.004
Extra Capsular Extension Present 3.21 (1.49 – 7.57)** 0.003
Seminal Vesicle Invasion Present 2.39 (1.14 – 5.04)** 0.02
Positive Margins Present 0.62 (0.30 – 1.31)** 0.21
Pre-operative PSA Log2 1.00 (0.99 – 1.02)** 0.33
Adjuvant Therapy Radiation 0.74 (0.15 – 2.27)** 0.63
Androgen Deprivation 2.80 (1.34 – 5.91)** 0.006
Multivariable Analysis Using Firth’s Penalized Method**
As continuous/ordinal variables
Hazard Ratio (95 %CI) p-value
GC 0.1 unit increments 1.81 (1.48 – 2.25)** p<0.001
CAPRA-S 1 unit increments 1.36 (1.13 – 1.65)** 0.001
Adjuvant Therapy Radiation 0.18 (0.03 – 0.70)** 0.01
Androgen Deprivation 1.15 (0.48 – 2.68)** 0.75
As risk Categories
Hazard Ratio (95 %CI) p-value
GC 0.4–0.6 (ref: <0.4) 1.09 (0.26 – 3.77)** 0.9
>0.6 (ref: <0.4) 11.26 (4.69 – 30.37)** p<0.001
CAPRA-S >5 2.36 (1.06 – 5.68)** 0.04
Adjuvant Therapy Radiation 0.56 (0.11 – 1.80)** 0.36
Androgen Deprivation 1.55 (0.72 – 3.36)** 0.26
**

Confidence Intervals and p-values were not adjusted to account for the case-cohort design