Table 3.

Synopsis of staging systems for JNA

Andrews et al. 1989 [9]

(I) Tumor limited to the nasopharynx and nasal cavity. Bone destruction negligible or limited to the sphenopalatine foramen  (II) Tumor invading the pterygomaxillary fossa or the maxillary, ethmoid or sphenoid sinus with bone destruction  (III) A. Tumor invading the infratemporal fossa or orbital region without intracranial involvement B. Tumor invading the infratemporal fossa or orbit with intracranial extradural (parasellar) involvement  (IV) A. Intracranial intradural tumor without infiltration of the cavernous sinus, pituitary fossa or optic chiasm B. Intracranial intradural tumor with infiltration of the cavernous sinus, pituitary fossa or optic chiasm

Radkowski et al. 1996 [14]

(I) A. Tumor limited to the nose and/or nasopharyngeal vault B. Extension into one or more sinuses  (II) A. Minimal extension into the pterygomaxillary fossa B. Full occupation of the pterygomaxillary fossa with or without erosion of the orbital bones C. Infratemporal fossa with or without cheek or posterior to the pterygoid plates  (III) A. Erosion of the skull base—minimal intracranial extension B. Erosion of the skull base—extensive intracranial extension with or without cavernous sinus invasion

Onerci et al. 2006 [23]

(I) Nose, nasopharyngeal vault, ethmoidal-sphenoidal sinuses or minimal extension to PMF  (II) Maxillary sinus, full occupation of PMF, extension to the anterior cranial fossa and limited extension to the infratemporal fossa  (III) Deep extension into the cancellous bone at the base of the pterygoid or the body and the greater wing of the sphenoid, significant lateral extension to the infratemporal fossa or to the pterygoid plates posteriorly or orbital region, cavernous sinus obliteration  (IV) Intracranial extension between the pituitary gland and internal carotid artery, tumor localization lateral to the internal carotid artery, middle fossa extension and extensive intracranial extension