Table II.

Descriptive statistics (N = 3091)

Variable	Mean	SD
Age as of the index year	79.81	8.25
Baseline Charlson–Quan comorbidity score	1.84	1.8
Daily pill burden	1.24	0.43
Baseline office visits count	6.13	6.5
Baseline outpatient visits count	2.62	4.08
Baseline emergency room visits count	0.61	1.1
Baseline inpatient visits count	0.38	0.71
Baseline pharmacy cost ($)	966.28	1407.50
Baseline medical cost ($)	7848.52	16819.55
Baseline total cost ($)	8814.81	17007.25
Baseline logged total costs	7.99	1.71
Medication possession ratio	82.31	21.75
	n	%
Male	1100	35.59
Northeast	509	16.47
Midwest	1211	39.18
South	1082	35
West	289	9.35
Insurance type (commercial)	1070	34.62
Drug formulary Tier 2	2121	68.62
	Quantiles #	Value
MPR quantiles	0.1	49.34
	0.2	65.22
	0.3	77.25
	0.4	85.47
	0.5	91.56
	0.6	95.93
	0.7	99.34
	0.8	100
	0.9	100