Table 1.
Characteristics at baseline and follow-up examinations, with comparison across the visits.
| Trait | Mean ± S.D. | p Value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Visit 1 | Visit 2 | Visit 3 | V1/V2 | V1/V3 | V2/V3 | |
| BMI | 27.37 ± 5.89 | 27.11 ± 5.71 | 26.95 ± 5.75 | 3.1 × 10−6 | 2.5 × 10−8 | 0.12 |
| Fat % | 32.33 ± 9.5 | 31.97 ± 9.78 | 31.95 ± 9.79 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.57 |
| Total body fat | 27.21 ± 9.14 | 25.79 ± 8.63 | 25.42 ± 8.42 | 7.5 × 10−11 | 2.6 × 10−13 * | 0.004 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 76.26 ± 10.46 | 73.90 ± 9.66 | 73.85 ± 10.5 | 4.7 × 10−8 * | 1.5 × 10−9 * | 0.81 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 120.58 ± 15.74 | 116.72 ± 14.61 | 115.78 ± 14.06 | 3.0 × 10−9 * | 1.5 × 10−14 * | 0.22 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 196.65 ± 35.91 | 189.7 ± 36.7 | 188.44 ± 32.95 | 6.3 × 10−6 * | 2.1 × 10−9 * | 0.72 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 64.16 ± 17.98 | 62.00 ± 17.76 | 62.29 ± 17.86 | 1.2 × 10−4 | 4.3 × 10−5 | 0.85 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 111.93 ± 31.77 | 107.00 ± 31.44 | 105.42 ± 29.58 | 2.3 × 10−4 * | 1.9 × 10−7 * | 0.36 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 103.94 ± 64.88 | 104.42 ± 58.81 | 104.03 ± 59.63 | 0.85 | 0.82 | 0.17 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 89.70 ± 18.29 | 90.64 ± 16.96 | 90.75 ± 31.97 | 0.97 | 0.69 | 0.09 |
| Insulin | 8.03 ± 8.35 | 7.90 ± 6.15 | 9.03 ± 17.17 | 0.64 | 0.88 | 0.82 |
| FRS (Diabetes) | 1.85 ± 3.73 | 2.39 ± 5.44 | 1.89 ± 3.94 | 0.56 | 0.66 | 0.49 |
| Microalbumin | 0.59 ± 1.4 | 0.84 ± 2.18 | 0.75 ± 1.25 | 2.0 × 10−10 * | 7.6 × 10−10 * | 0.71 |
| hs-CRP (mg/dL) | 0.37 ± 0.39 | 0.39 ± 0.41 | 0.39 ± 0.43 | 0.34 | 0.16 | 0.67 |
| AIX | 21.46 ± 9.79 | 21.30 ± 9.74 | 20.55 ± 10.02 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.54 |
| PWV (m/s) | 7.29 ± 1.43 | 7.01 ± 1.34 | 7.08 ± 1.19 | 5.0 × 10−6 * | 3.7 × 10−4 * | 0.17 |
| Total GSH (uM) | 4.55 ± 1.60 | 4.22 ± 1.45 | 4.17 ± 1.17 | 1.2 × 10−4 * | 0.012 * | 0.43 |
| Total Cys (uM) | 182.68 ± 37.97 | 189.03 ± 39.42 | 190.32 ± 37.40 | 0.0015 * | 0.002 * | 0.038 |
| 25-hydroxyvitamin D (ng/mL) | 31.62 ± 12.81 | 31.73 ± 11.69 | 33.84 ± 11.02 | 0.59 | 1.7 × 10−4 * | 0.16 * |
| FRS (CVD) | 6.07 ± 6.38 | 5.23 ± 4.65 | 5.21 ± 5.06 | 8.0 × 10−6 | 1.0 × 10−7 | 0.99 |
| Day-time Sleep Score | 6.77 ± 4.04 | 6.06 ± 3.8 | 5.84 ± 3.84 | 4.6 × 10−5 * | 1.4 × 10−8 * | 0.21 |
| Social Support Score | 27.91 ± 5.04 | 28.8 ± 4.73 | 29.17 ± 4.61 | 3.2 × 10−7 * | 7.7 × 10−11 * | 0.78 |
| Depression Score | 5.3 ± 5.45 | 3.51 ± 4.54 | 3.25 ± 4.3 | 3.4 × 10−11 * | 8.5 × 10−11 * | 0.05 |
| General Health Score | 53.04 ± 7.85 | 54.53 ± 7.34 | 54.65 ± 7.47 | 3.7 × 10−7 * | 3.6 × 10−8 * | 0.29 |
| Mental Health Score | 52.23 ± 7.64 | 53.97 ± 6.79 | 54.41 ± 7.73 | 7.2 × 10−7 * | 5.0 × 10−7 * | 0.23 |
| Physical Function Score | 53.15 ± 5.49 | 53.41 ± 5.6 | 53.97 ± 5.46 | 0.02 | 5.0 × 10−8 * | 8.0 × 10−4 * |
| Anxiety Score | 3.38 ± 0.50 | 2.35 ± 2.75 | 2.41 ± 3.21 | 3.1 × 10−7 * | 1.0 × 10−4 | 0.44 |
Data for 382 participants who completed at least three visits are presented. p Values obtained from paired Wilcoxon test performed on Z-scores of log transformed values. * p Value <0.05 for unpaired Wilcoxon test.