Table 2.
Association Between Participant Characteristics and Barriers to Care and Care Status, Comparing Results from Traditional and Nuanced Categorization (n=748)
| Traditional categorizationa | Nuanced categorizationb | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bivariate | Multivariate | Bivariate | Multivariate | |||
| Independent variable | Out of care vs. in care OR (95% CI) | Out of care vs. in care OR (95% CI) | Seekers vs. OR (95% CI) | Non-seekers vs. OR (95% CI) | Seekers vs. OR (95% CI) | Non-seekers vs. OR (95% CI) |
| Age | ||||||
| <30 | 1.03 (0.63–1.66) | 1.44 (0.80–2.59) | 0.99 (0.52–1.89) | 1.77 (0.82–3.83) | 1.22 (0.62–2.41) | 1.90 (0.81–4.53) |
| 30–50 | 0.82 (0.47–1.43) | 1.24 (0.82–1.88) | 1.24 (0.80–1.92) | 1.31 (0.70–2.46) | 1.16 (0.73–1.86) | 1.42 (0.71–2.84) |
| >50 | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| Hispanic | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Non-Hispanic black | 0.70 (0.47–1.02) | 0.65 (0.44–0.97) | 0.77 (0.52–1.14) | 0.77 (0.44–1.35) | 0.65 (0.42–1.00) | 0.74 (0.38–1.44) |
| Other | 0.81 (0.39–1.65) | 0.82 (0.39–1.73) | 0.70 (0.31–1.60) | 0.99 (0.35–3.83) | 0.84 (0.35–2.03) | 0.89 (0.27–2.92) |
| Primary caregiver | 1.09 (0.75–1.59) | – | 1.17 (0.78–1.75) | 0.49 (0.27–0.91) | 1.37 (0.88–2.14) | 0.70 (0.35–1.40) |
| Lack of health insurance | 1.75 (1.18–2.60) | 1.68 (1.12–2.52) | 1.56 (1.01–2.39) | 2.37 (1.35–4.15) | 1.63 (1.05–2.56) | 2.24 (1.22–4.12) |
| Fair/poor health status | 1.48 (1.07–2.05) | 1.45 (1.03–2.04) | 1.61 (1.12–2.30) | 1.07 (0.61–1.64) | 1.54 (1.05–2.26) | 1.31 (0.77–2.23) |
| Any current high risk drug use | 2.08 (1.32–3.28) | 1.87 (1.16–2.99) | 1.46 (0.87–2.45) | 4.48 (2.30–8.73) | 1.44 (0.82–2.54) | 3.93 (1.86–8.31) |
| Any current high risk sexual behavior | 1.30 (0.91–1.86) | – | 1.00 (0.67–1.49) | 2.35 (1.42–3.89) | 0.89 (0.57–1.39) | 1.79 (1.01–3.16) |
| Inability to afford health care | 0.83 (0.60–1.17) | – | 0.97 (0.67–1.39) | 0.61 (0.37–1.02) | – | – |
| Housing or financial instability | 0.90 (0.65–1.26) | – | 1.09 (0.75–1.58) | 0.59 (0.36–0.96) | 0.88 (0.57–1.35) | 0.70 (0.38–1.26) |
| Transportation problems | 1.04 (0.75–1.46) | – | 1.41 (0.97–2.06) | 0.52 (0.32–0.86) | 1.41 (0.91–2.19) | 0.48 (0.26–0.89) |
| Inability to take time off from work or school | 0.68 (0.47–1.00) | 0.68 (0.46–1.00) | 0.76 (0.50–1.15) | 0.55 (0.31–0.99) | 0.70 (0.43–1.13) | 0.98 (0.50–1.94) |
| Lack of child care | 0.76 (0.49–1.20) | – | 0.99 (0.61–1.58) | 0.29 (0.12–0.73) | 0.97 (0.56–1.67) | 0.38 (0.14–1.06) |
CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; ref, reference category.
The traditional categorization compares out of care versus in care.
Nuanced categorization compares seekers versus in care and non-seekers versus in care.
The reference group is “in care” for both logistic (traditional categorization) and multinomial (nuanced categorization) regression analyses.
Seekers vs. in care and non-seeker vs. in care comparisons were calculated using one multinomial logistic regression model in bivariate analysis and a separate model for multivariate analysis. Blank (-) cells indicate that the variable was not significant at p<0.10 level in bivariate analyses and, therefore, was not included in final multivariate models. Any current high risk drug use is defined as cocaine, heroin, injection drug, or stimulant use in last 3 months. Any current high risk sexual behavior is defined as transactional sex, sex with an IDU, unprotected sex with a male partner or sex with HIV+ male partner in the last 3 months.