Table 1.
Proposed neuroprotective therapies for TBI and SCI in rodent models.
| Model | Nutraceuticals | Dose | Results/effects |
|---|---|---|---|
| TBI | |||
| (1) Mice | Minocycline | 90 mg/kg at 5 min, 45 mg/kg at 3 h and 9 h after TBI. | Minocycline was able to attenuate the memory impairment in an effective and lasting manner [24]. |
| (2) Mice | Minozac | 5 mg/kg | Minozac attenuates acute increase in proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine levels and reduces astrocyte activation and the longer term neurologic injury [25]. |
| (3) Rat | (−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate | 0.1% (w/v) in drinking water | EGCG exposure before and after TBI decreased DNA damage and LPO levels and neuronal cell and NSC apoptosis around the damaged area following TBI at 1 day, 4 days, and 7 days [26]. |
| (4) Rat | Alpha lipoic acid | 100 mg/kg, p.o. | It reduced LPO, suppressing the MPO enzyme activity increased, Na+, K+-ATPase activity. It reduces edema formation and reduces BBB permeability and thereby preserves neuronal damage [20]. |
| (5) Rat | Caffeic acid phenethyl ester | 10 μmol/kg | Decreased the elevated MDA levels, also significantly increased the reduced antioxidant enzyme SOD and GPx activities, reduced the immunoreactivity of degenerating neurons, and inhibited apoptotic cell death by downregulating caspase 3 [27]. |
|
| |||
| SCI | |||
| (1) Mice | Green tea extract | 25 mg/kg, i.p. | Reduced upregulation of TNF-α or IL-1β, suppresses NF-κ β activation, and attenuates the expression of iNOS, nitrotyrosine, and poli (ADP-ribosio) synthetase (PARS) and neutrophilic infiltration was markedly reduced and ameliorated the recovery of limb function [28]. |
| (2) Rat | Quercetin in combination with methylprednisolone (MP) and specific p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580. | 0.2 mg/kg per day | Inhibited increases in phosphorylated-p38MAPK (p-p38MAPK) and iNOS expression and reduced the rate of iNOS-positive cells in rats with SCI, reduced MDA content, and increased SOD activity in SCI rats [29]. |
| (3) Rat | Melatonin was administered in combination with exercise. | 10 mg/kg | Significant increase in hind limb movement, reducing NO production and motor neuron degeneration, reduced level of iNOS mRNA [30]. |
| (4) Rat | 17β-Estradiol | 100, 300, or 600 μg/kg | Reduced oligodendrocyte cell death via inhibition of RhoA and JNK3 activation and axon loss [31]. |