Table 3. Adjusted odds ratio and confidence intervals estimating associations between social support and sociodemographic factors and any treatment, outpatient, hospitalization, emergency department, and medication use among the sample with PTSD.

	Any Treatment			Outpatient			Hospitalization			Emergency Department			Medication Use
Variable	OR	95% CI	p	OR	95% CI	p	OR	95% CI	p	OR	95% CI	p	OR	95% CI	p
Social Support (ISEL)	.99	.98–1.01	ns	1.00	.99–1.02	ns	.99	.97–1.02	ns	.99	.97–1.03	ns	.99	.97–1.00	ns
Age group (reference: 18-29)
30-44	.99	.72–1.37	ns	.96	.70–1.33	ns	1.05	.59–1.88	ns	1.12	.60–2.09	ns	1.05	.73–1.50	ns
45-64	1.02	.74–1.41	ns	.98	.71–1.34	ns	1.24	.67–2.27	ns	1.03	.56–1.92	ns	1.61	1.13–2.31	.009
≥ 65	.48	.32–.72	.001	.37	.24–.57	<.001	.34	.15–.78	.012	.42	.16–1.08	.071	.94	.62–1.43	ns
Female (reference: Male)	1.34	1.07–1.65	.011	1.21	.97–1.51	.091	.61	.43–.88	.009	.71	.49–1.03	.072	1.13	.87–1.47	ns
Race/ethnicity (Reference: White)
Black, non-Hispanic	.46	.35–.61	<.001	.44	.33–.58	<.001	.60	.40–.90	.014	.80	.51–1.26	ns	.52	.37–.74	<.001
Hispanic, any race	.78	.55–1.12	ns	.72	.50–1.04	.080	.70	.46–1.06	.093	.86	.52–1.41	ns	.78	.52–1.16	ns
Other	.90	.57–1.41	ns	1.09	.70–1.70	ns	1.17	.68–2.02	ns	.85	.42–1.70	ns	.85	.53–1.34	ns
Foreign-born (reference: US-born)	.65	.43–.99	.035	.66	.44–.99	.046	.49	.29–.83	.008	.65	.34–1.24	ns	.85	.53–1.36	ns
Education (reference: Less than high school)
High school graduate	1.07	.78–1.45	ns	1.04	.76–1.41	ns	.68	.43–1.09	ns	.87	.53–1.43	ns	1.11	.79–1.57	ns
Some college	1.85	1.39–2.46	<.001	1.93	1.46–2.54	<.001	.69	.43–1.10	ns	1.07	.66–1.72	ns	1.40	1.01–1.93	.043
Household income (reference: $0-19,999)
20,000-34,999	1.09	.81–1.47	ns	.97	.72–1.30	ns	1.14	.39–1.87	ns	1.16	.70–1.91	ns	1.22	.92–1.62	ns
35,000-69,999	1.18	.88–1.59	ns	1.12	.83–1.49	ns	1.26	.83–1.94	ns	1.01	.62–1.62	ns	1.31	.96–1.77	.083
≥ 70,000	1.43	1.02–2.00	.039	1.34	.95–1.88	.096	1.16	.68–1.99	ns	.70	.39–1.26	ns	1.50	1.05–2.15	.026
Marital status (reference: Married/cohabitating)
Divorced/separated/widowed	1.43	1.11–1.84	.006	1.47	1.13–1.92	.005	1.40	.96–2.05	.078	1.43	.91–2.25	ns	1.64	1.27–2.12	<.001
Never married	1.02	.74–1.39	ns	1.09	.79–1.51	ns	1.43	.88–2.33	ns	1.32	.82–2.11	ns	1.01	.73–1.38	ns
Urbanicity (reference: Urban)
Suburban	1.11	.89–1.38	ns	1.14	.91–1.43	ns	.90	.62–1.29	ns	1.06	.74–1.53	ns	.98	.77–1.24	ns
Rural	1.28	.94–1.73	ns	1.41	1.04–1.91	.027	.92	.56–1.52	ns	.68	.40–1.17	ns	1.19	.88–1.61	ns
Region (reference: Northeast)
Midwest	1.23	.87–1.74	ns	1.26	.88–1.80	ns	1.48	.88–2.49	ns	1.40	.80–2.44	ns	.93	.66–1.31	ns
South	1.22	.89–1.66	ns	1.11	.81–1.50	ns	1.01	.61–1.68	ns	1.13	.69–1.85	ns	1.14	.84–1.55	ns
West	.99	.73–1.35	ns	.93	.68–1.26	ns	1.18	.72–1.94	ns	1.15	.67–1.96	ns	1.10	.78–1.56	ns
Employed (reference: Unemployed)	.69	.54–.87	.002	.73	.57–.93	.012	.38	.25–.59	<.001	.61	.40–.94	.027	.60	.47–.78	<.001
Insured (reference: Uninsured)	1.72	1.28–2.30	<.001	1.61	1.20–2.17	.002	1.05	.61–1.82	ns	1.24	.75–2.04	ns	1.74	1.23–2.46	.002
Number of comorbid lifetime psychiatric disorders (reference: None)
1	1.06	.75–1.51	ns	1.17	.81–1.67	ns	.84	.44-1.59	ns	.69	.34–1.42	ns	1.47	.99–2.19	.058
2	1.11	.79–1.57	ns	1.19	.84–1.69	ns	1.27	.65-2.47	ns	1.39	.71–2.71	ns	1.40	.91–2.17	ns
3+	1.50	1.10–2.05	.012	1.78	1.27–2.49	.001	1.13	.60-2.10	ns	1.25	.67–2.35	ns	2.07	1.40–3.06	<.001
PTSD Symptom Count	1.13	1.09–1.17	<.001	1.12	1.08–1.17	<.001	1.17	1.10-1.25	<.001	1.12	1.04–1.20	.002	1.10	1.06–1.15	<.001

Abbreviations: ISEL=Interpersonal Support Evaluation List