Table 1.
Studies included in review of parental involvement
| Study (year) | Study design | Sample size | Child Age (Years) |
Caregiver involved | Type of Parental Involvement |
Measure(s) of Involvement |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Helgeson et al. [2] (2008) | Longitudinal | 132 | 10–14 | Caregivers (92 % mothers) | Parental responsibility | Diabetes Family Responsibility Questionnaire (DFRQ) |
| Wysocki et al. [3] (2009) | Cross-sectional | 309 | 9–14 | Primary caregivers (87 % mothers/stepmothers, 12 % fathers/stepfathers, 1 % other) and secondary caregivers (82 % fathers/stepfathers, 13 % mothers/stepmothers, 3 %grandmothers, 2 % aunts) | Parental responsibility; Collaborative involvement | DFRQ; Collaborative Parent Involvement Scale (CPI) |
| Wiebe et al. [4••] (2014) | Longitudinal | 252 | 10–14 | Mothers (n=252) and fathers (n=188) | Parental responsibility | Diabetes Responsibility Scale |
| King et al. [9] (2014) | Longitudinal | 252 | 10–14 | Mothers (n=252) and fathers (n=188) | Diabetes monitoring; behavioral involvement in diabetes care; Quality of parent-adolescent relationship | Diabetes-Specific Monitoring Scale; adolescent report of parents' behavioral involvement in diabetes management (2 items); acceptance subscale of the Mother-Father-Peer Scale (MFP) |
| Berg et al. [10] (2013) | Longitudinal | 180 | 10–15 | Mothers (n=176) and fathers (n=139) | Parental monitoring, parental responsibility, intrusive support | Diabetes-Specific Monitoring Scale; Diabetes Responsibility and Conflict Scale—revised (DRC-R); Daily Diary measure; Intrusive Support Scale; |
| Hilliard et al. [11] (2011) | Cross-sectional | 136 | 9–12 | Fathers | Helpfulness and frequency of paternal involvement | DADS |
| Hansen et al. [12•] (2012) | Cross-sectional | 89 | 7–14 | Fathers | Helpfulness and frquency of paternal involvement | Dads’ Active Disease Support Scale (DADS) |
| Hilliard et al. [13••] (2014) | Longitudinal | 136 | 9–12 | Fathers | Helpfulness and frequency of paternal involvement | DADS |
| Berg et al. [14•] (2011) | Cross-sectional | 252 | 10–14 | Mothers father* | Relationship quality quality (parental acceptance and independence encouragement); Monitoring; Behavioral involvement | MFP; General monitoring and diabetes monitoring scales; Intrusive Support Scale and two items assessing frequency of parental assistance with diabetes tasks |
| King et al. [15••] (2012) | Longitudinal | 252 | 10–14 | Mothers and fathers* | Diabetes monitoring; Acceptance; Behavioral involvement in diabetes management | Diabetes-specific monitoring; acceptance subscale of the MFP; adolescent-report of parents' behavioral involvement in diabetes management (2 items); |
| Hsin et al. [16] (2010) | Cross-sectional | 111 | 10–17 | Caregiver (83 % mothers) | Parental responsibility; Diabetes-specific family support | DRFQ; Diabetes Social Support Questionnaire-Family (DSSQ-Fa) |
| Ingerski et al. [17] (2010) | Longitudinal | 147 | 13–18 | Caregiver (83 % mothers) | Parental responsibility; Diabetes-specific family conflict | DFRQ; Diabetes Family Conflict Scale (DFCS) |
| Vesco et al. [18] (2010) | Cross-sectional | 261 | 13–18 | Caregivers (78% mothers) | Diabetes responsibility sharing (direct and indirect management tasks) | DFRQ |
| Palmer et al. [19] (2009) | Cross-sectional | 185 | 10–14 | Mothers (N=185) and fathers (N=145) | Diabetes responsibility sharing | The responsibility items of the DRCS |
| Berg et al. [21] (2008) | Cross-sectional | 84 | 10–14 | Mothers (n=185) and fathers (n=145) | Parental monitoring Acceptance, | Parental Monitoring Scale; acceptance subscale of the MFP |
| Horton et al. [22] (2009) | Cross-sectional | 252 | 10–14 | Mothers and fathers* | General and diabetes related monitoring | Scale of general parental monitoring; Diabetes specific scale of parental monitoring |
| Hilliard et al. [23•] (2013) | Cross-sectional | 257 | 11–14 | Caregiver (91 % mothers) | Monitoring; Diabetes-specific family conflict | 24 Hour Diabetes Interview (DI) and Parental Monitoring of Diabetes Care scale (PMDC); DFCS-R DFRQ; PMDC and DI |
| Robinson et al. [24] (2011) | Longitudinal | 255 | 11–14 | Caregiver (92% mothers) | Parental responsibility; Monitoring | DFRQ; PMDC and DI |
| Palmer et al. [25] (2011) | Cross-sectional | 252 | 10–14 | Mothers and fathers* | Relationship quality (acceptance, independence encouragement, communication); Behavioral involvement (intrusive support, frequency of help); Monitoring | (MFP) and the communication subscale of parent and peer attachment; Intrusive Support Scale and two items assessing frequency of parental assistance with diabetes tasks; General parental monitoring scale adapted for diabetes care behavior |
| Jaser et al. [26] (2010) | Observational | 30 | 10–16 | Mothers | Quality of parent-child communication | Videotaped interactions coded using the Iowa Family Interaction Rating Scales (IFIRS) for hostility, parental influence; sensitive/child centered, positive reinforcement |
| Lloyd et al. [27] (2009) | Cross-sectional | 50 | 13–17 | Mothers* | Maternal empathy | Child Empathy Questionnaire |
| Mlynarczyk et al. [28] (2013) | Cross-sectional | 102 | 12–18 | Mothers and fathers* | Parental support; Parenting style | Diabetes-Specific Parental Support for Adolescents’ Autonomy Scale; Parenting Style Index-II |
| Geffken et al. [29] (2008) | Cross-sectional | 100 | 7–18 | Caregivers (unspecified) | Diabetes-specific family support; Parental responsibility | Diabetes Family Behavior Scale (DFBS); Diabetes Family Behavior Checklist (DFBC); |
| Shorer et al. [30] (2011) | Cross-sectional | 100 | 11–18 | Mothers (N=79) and fathers (N=63) | Parenting style | Parental Authority Questionnaire |
| Greene [31] (2010) | Cross-sectional | 29 | 10–18 | Mothers (n=29) and fathers (n=29) | Parenting style | Parenting Practices Report |
| Nansel et al. [32] (2009) | Cross-sectional | 122 | 9–14.5 | Primary caregivers (87% mothers) and Secondary caregivers (82% fathers) | Collaborative involvement; Parental responsibility | Authoritative Parenting Index; DFRQ |
| Weissberg-Benchell et al. [33] (2009) | Cross-sectional | 121 | 9–14 | Primary caregiver (92% mothers) | Parenting style; Parent-child Conflict; Parental responsibility; collaborative parent involvement; Qulity of parent-child communication** | Authoritative Parenting Index; Parental authority scale; Diabetes Conflict Scale; DFRQ; CPI Videotaped interactions coded using the Interaction Behavior Code (IBC) |
| Butner et al. [34] (2009) | Cross-sectional | 185 | 10–14 | Mothers (n=185) and fathers (n=145) | Parental encouragement of adolescents’ independence; parental responsibility | Independence–encouragement subscale from the MFP; DRC |
| Osborn et al. [35] (2013) | Longitudinal | 183 | 10–14 | Mothers (N=178) and fathers (N=134) | Parental knowledge | Diabetes-Specific Monitoring Scale |
| Weinger et al. [36] (2001) | Qualitative | 24 | 13–15 | Mothers and fathers* | Diabetes-related conflict; Parental support | Qualitative analysis of focus group data |
| Hood et al. [37] (2007) | Cross-sectional | 202 | 8–18 | Caregiver 76% mothers | Diabetes-related conflict | DFCS |
| Lewin et al. [38] (2006) | Cross-sectional | 109 | 8–18 | Caregiver (82% mothers) | Adolescents’ perceived family support; Quality of parental behaviors; Parental Responsibility | DFBS; DFBC; DFRQ; |
| Cameron et al. [39] (2008) | Cross-sectional | 2,062 | 11–18 | Caregiver (77% mothers) | Adolescents’ perceived over-involvement; Parental responsibility | Parental involvement scale from the Diabetes Quality of Life for Youth-Short Form (DQOLY-SF); DFRQ |
| Duke et al. [40] (2008) | Cross-sectional | 120 | 8–18 | Caregivers (78 % mothers | Adolescents’ Perceived family support; Quality of parental behaviors | DFBS; DFBC |
| Sweenie et al. [41] (2014) | Cross-sectional | 86 | 9–11 | Primary Caregiver (93 % mothers) | Critical parenting behaviors | DFBC |
| Seiffge-Krenke et al. [42] (2013) | Longitudinal | 109 | 14–16 | Mothers and fathers* | Family restrictiveness; Parental support | Family Environment Scale (FES); Network of Relationships Inventory (abbreviated) |
| Butler et al. [43] (2007) | Cross-sectional | 78 | 11–17 | Mothers | Parenting style (psychological control, firm control, acceptance) | Parent Behavior Inventory |
| Armstrong et al. [44•] (2011) | Cross-sectional | 84 | 9–11 | Mothers and fathers* | Critical parenting behaviors | (DFBC) |
| Ivey et al. [45] (2,009) | Qualitative | 28 | 11–15 | Mothers and fathers | Quality of parent adolescent communication | Content analysis of interaction transcripts |
| Dashiff et al. [50] (2011) | Qualitative | 23 | 16–18 | Mothers, fathers, stepparents | Support for adolescent’s self-management | Qualitative analyses of interviews |
Note.
*
Adolescent report of caregiver involvement.