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Spatial working memory impairment displayed by middle-aged asphyctic rats was counteracted by life-long exposure to environmental enrichment. (A) Escape latency; (B) Path length. CTL, vaginal delivery rats; C+, rats born by cesarean section; PA, rats born by cesarean section + asphyxia. Each bar represents the mean + s.e.m. of n = 12. *p < 0.05; **p ≤ 0.01; ***p ≤ 0.001 compared to sample trials.
