Table 2.
Univariate and multivariate analysis of perceptions of potential barriers associated with HIV testing
| Factor | Low perceived risk of HIV
|
Lack of partner support
|
Stigma and discrimination
|
Poor health worker attitude
|
Paying for HCT
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Female | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Male | 0.99 (0.94–1.49) | 1.12 (0.79–1.58) | 1.08 (0.82–1.42) | 0.98 (0.71–1.37) | 0.77 (0.56–1.04) | |||||
| Marital status | ||||||||||
| Single | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Cohabiting | 2.05 (0.76–5.50) | 1.32 (0.37–4.75) | 0.56 (0.16–1.99) | 1.24 (0.34–4.45) | ||||||
| Married | 1.38 (1.05–1.80) | 1.49 (1.13–1.96) | 0.19 (061–1.36–2.07) | 1.15 (0.85–1.55) | 1.27 (0.88–1.82) | 0.74 (0.51–1.07) | ||||
| Divorced | 1.02 (0.45–2.30) | 1.06 (0.30–3.71) | 2.22 (0.87–5.69) | 0.99 (0.28–3.47) | 0.67 (0.19–2.34) | |||||
| Employment status | ||||||||||
| Unemployed | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Self-employed | 1.89 (0.67–1.19) | 0.55 (0.35–0.87) | 0.40 (0.25–0.65) | 0.61 (0.43–0.85) | 0.96 (0.64–1.43) | 1.58 (1.07–2.33) | ||||
| Employed | 1.4 (1.06–1.85) | 0.79 (0.53–1.17) | 0.62 (0.41–0.95) | 0.76 (0.56–1.04) | 0.84 (0.54–1.25) | 1.68 (1.16–2.43) | ||||
| Education level | ||||||||||
| Below matriculation | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Matriculation | 0.64 (0.48–0.85) | 0.67 (0.50–0.89) | 0.81 (0.54–1.20) | 0.78 (0.57–1.07) | 2.16 (1.36–3.44) | 2.17 (1.36–3.45) | 1.95 (1.28–2.92) | 1.86 (1.21–2.83) | ||
| Post matriculation | 0.45 (0.33–0.62) | 0.46 (0.33–0.63) | 0.57 (0.35–0.91) | 0.66 (0.46–0.94) | 2.59 (1.59–4.21) | 2.46 (1.50–4.02) | 2.23 (1.43–3.47) | −2.14 (1.37–3.36) | ||
| Distance to nearest clinic, km | ||||||||||
| 0–10 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 11–2 | 1.19 (0.86–1.65) | 1.42 (0.92–2.21) | 1.35 (0.92–1.98) | 0.67 (0.41–1.10) | 0.56 (0.34–0.91) | – | ||||
| 21–3 | 0.76 (0.46–1.26) | 2.43 (1.41–4.20) | 2.58 (1.48–4.49) | 0.46 (19–1.09) | 1.17 (0.63–2.16) | 0.55 (0.33–0.91) | ||||
| >3 | 0.73 (0.49–1.09) | 0.15 (0.05–0.50) | 0.08 (0.02–2.66) | 3.48 (2.25–5.38) | 3.40 (2.20–5.25) | 0.40 (0.20–0.382) | 0.47 (0.23–0.96) | 0.47 (0.25–0.86) | 0.44 (0.23–0.82) | |
| Place of residence | ||||||||||
| Inner city | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Outside inner city | 1.16 (0.92–1.47) | 1.56 (1.10–2.21) | 1.94 (1.34–2.80) | 1.30 (0.99–1.70) | 0.68 (0.49–0.96) | 0.71 (0.52–0.98) | ||||
| Place of previous HIV test* | ||||||||||
| Never tested | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Hospital/clinic | 0.70 (0.49–0.99) | 0.73 (0.55–0.97) | 1.02 (0.60–1.76) | 0.65 (0.44–0.98) | 0.97 (0.59–1.63) | 1.22 (0.74–2.03) | ||||
| Mobile outreach/home | 0.92 (0.57–1.48) | – | 0.73 (0.34–1.61) | 0.99 (0.57–1.73) | 0.78 (0.38–1.63) | 1.19 (0.61–2.34) | ||||
| Sexual partners | ||||||||||
| None | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| One | 0.59 (0.39–0.90) | 4.62 (1.43–14.94) | 4.76 (1.45–15.69) | 0.71 (0.44–1.13) | 1.22 (0.64–2.35) | 0.96 (0.55–1.69) | ||||
| More than one | 0.56 (0.36–0.87) | 6.58 (2.01–21.58) | 7.77 (2.32–25.98) | 0.57 (0.34–0.96) | 0.73 (0.53–0.99) | 1.37 (0.69–2.68) | 0.89 (0.49–1.61) | |||
Abbreviations: aOR, adjusted odds ratio; OR, odds ratio; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus.