Table 3.
Adjusted ORs (with 95%CIs) showing the association between household income and type of tobacco use in states of India, 2009–2010*
| State | Cigarette OR (95%CI) | Bidi OR (95%CI) | Smokeless tobacco OR (95%CI) | Multiple tobacco use OR (95%CI) | Any tobacco use OR (95%CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delhi | 6.08 (1.87 to 19.74) | 0.46 (0.22 to 0.96) | 0.73 (0.34 to 1.58) | 1.10 (0.23 to 5.33) | 1.02 (0.63 to 1.63) |
| Haryana | 19.86 (2.46 to 160.34) | 0.92 (0.71 to 1.20) | 1.55 (0.80 to 2.99) | 1.13 (1.02 to 4.43) | 1.25 (0.96 to 1.61) |
| Himachal Pradesh | 7.96 (2.11 to 30.06) | 0.55 (0.40 to 0.74) | 1.42 (0.56 to 3.60) | 1.25 (0.77 to 2.05) | 0.79 (0.60 to 1.05) |
| Jammu & Kashmir | 2.30 (1.72 to 3.09) | 0.59 (0.37 to 0.95) | 0.55 (0.27 to 1.13) | 5.25 (2.48 to 11.09) | 1.52 (1.20 to 1.93) |
| Punjab | 2.55 (0.79 to 6.89) | 0.50 (0.32 to 0.78) | 0.86 (0.52 to 1.41) | 0.93 (0.41 to 2.11) | 0.71 (0.52 to 0.97) |
| Rajasthan | 4.00 (1.25 to 12.76) | 1.16 (0.94 to 1.43) | 0.56 (0.44 to 0.72) | 1.06 (0.80 to 1.42) | 0.90 (0.74 to 1.09) |
| Uttaranchal | 2.97 (0.82 to 10.79) | 0.49 (0.33 to 0.72) | 1.58 (0.87 to 2.87) | 1.25 (0.69 to 2.29) | 0.95 (0.67 to 1.34) |
| Assam | 15.81 (4.82 to 51.92) | 0.44 (0.32 to 0.60) | 0.74 (0.60 to 0.93) | 2.05 (1.60 to 2.61) | 1.20 (0.95 to 1.53) |
| Other north-eastern states† | 3.84 (3.02 to 4.88) | 0.58 (0.49 to 0.69) | 0.74 (0.65 to 0.85) | 1.35 (1.18 to 1.56) | 1.24 (1.10 to 1.40) |
| Chhattisgarh | 2.56 (0.54 to 12.09) | 1.06 (0.60 to 1.86) | 0.79 (0.61 to 1.03) | 1.30 (0.89 to 1.88) | 0.93 (0.69 to 1.26) |
| Madhya Pradesh | 7.68 (2.24 to 26.24) | 1.04 (0.83 to 1.31) | 0.70 (0.57 to 0.84) | 1.68 (1.32 to 2.14) | 1.18 (0.97 to 1.42) |
| Uttar Pradesh | 5.92 (2.40 to 14.60) | 1.16 (0.99 to 1.37) | 0.63 (0.54 to 0.72) | 0.99 (0.82 to 1.19) | 0.80 (0.70 to 0.91) |
| Bihar | 3.32 (1.64 to 6.68) | 1.43 (0.88 to 2.30) | 0.72 (0.60 to 0.86) | 2.13 (1.53 to 2.99) | 1.06 (0.87 to 1.29) |
| Jharkhand | 3.23 (0.45 to 2.16) | 1.01 (0.51 to 1.99) | 0.68 (0.54 to 0.86) | 1.84 (1.20 to 2.82) | 0.95 (0.75 to 1.21) |
| West Bengal | 11.12 (5.77 to 21.40) | 0.55 (0.47 to 0.65) | 1.04 (0.79 to 1.36) | 2.39 (1.93 to 2.94) | 1.64 (1.39 to 1.94) |
| Orissa | —‡ | 0.60 (0.40 to 0.90) | 0.53 (0.43 to 0.65) | 1.98 (1.51 to 2.60) | 0.75 (0.61 to 0.92) |
| Maharashtra | 4.15 (2.25 to 7.66) | 0.65 (0.44 to 0.96) | 0.93 (0.80 to 1.09) | 1.37 (0.89 to 2.10) | 1.07 (0.92 to 1.24) |
| Goa | 1.97 (0.73 to 5.29) | 0.24 (0.05 to 1.20) | 0.25 (0.03 to 2.11) | 1.25 (0.29 to 5.40) | 0.93 (0.46 to 1.84) |
| Gujarat | 21.97 (4.58 to 105.37) | 0.78 (0.57 to 1.06) | 0.83 (0.63 to 1.10) | 1.10 (0.73 to 1.68) | 0.98 (0.78 to 1.23) |
| Andhra Pradesh | 3.12 (2.43 to 4.00) | 0.47 (0.36 to 0.60) | 1.10 (0.81 to 1.49) | 2.12 (1.40 to 3.22) | 1.40 (1.19 to 1.64) |
| Karnataka | 9.84 (4.36 to 22.20) | 1.18 (0.88 to 1.58) | 0.34 (0.22 to 0.53) | 2.75 (1.45 to 5.22) | 1.29 (1.03 to 1.63) |
| Kerala | 2.22 (1.67 to 2.94) | 0.55 (0.38 to 0.78) | 1.65 (0.84 to 3.24) | 1.46 (0.89 to 2.37) | 1.48 (1.19 to 1.83) |
| Tamil Nadu | 3.49 (2.56 to 4.76) | 0.75 (0.57 to 0.97) | 1.06 (0.66 to 1.71) | 2.29 (1.37 to 3.85) | 1.58 (1.32 to 1.89) |
| Union Territories§ | 1.86 (1.00 to 3.47) | 0.39 (0.19 to 0.81) | 0.80 (0.49 to 1.29) | 1.08 (0.41 to 2.89) | 0.83 (0.59 to 1.18) |
*
ORs are for the highest income tertile with the lowest income tertile as the reference category. Adjusted ORs potentially controlled for mean age of adults in household, number of adults in household, male/female ratio, household size, education, employment, caste/tribe, religion and rural/urban location.
†
Includes Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura.
‡
Analysis could not be performed due to the low sample size of the outcome in the base category.
§
Daman and Diu, Lakshadweep, Pondicherry (Puduchery), and Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval.