Table A.
Demographic, environmental, lifestyle and dietary covariates of asthma risk; multivariate analysis unadjusted and adjusted ORs and 95%CIs, India, 2005–2006
| Characteristic | Unadjusted OR (95%CI) | Adjusted* OR (95%CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socio-economic and demographic factors | ||||
| Sex | ||||
| Male† | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Female | 1.19 (1.10–1.28) | 1.24 (1.08–1.43) | ||
| Age, years | ||||
| 20–29† | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 30–39 | 1.73 (1.58–1.90) | 1.60 (1.42–1.81) | ||
| 40–49 | 2.59 (2.36–2.85) | 2.30 (2.02–2.61) | ||
| Marital status | ||||
| Currently married† | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Widowed/divorced/separated/deserted | 1.64 (1.41–1.90) | 1.22 (1.02–1.46) | ||
| Not married | 0.63 (0.56–0.71) | 1.09 (0.93–1.27) | ||
| Education | ||||
| Illiterate† | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Literate, <middle school | 1.04 (0.93–1.16) | 1.07 (0.93–1.23) | ||
| Completed middle school | 0.78 (0.72–0.85) | 0.95 (0.83–1.09) | ||
| Completed high school and above | 0.59 (0.52–0.68) | 0.80 (0.66–0.98) | ||
| Employment status | ||||
| Not employed† | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Employed | 1.00 (0.93–1.08) | 0.99 (0.89–1.10) | ||
| Religion | ||||
| Hindu† | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Muslim | 1.04(0.93–1.16) | 0.96 (0.82–1.13) | ||
| Other | 1.22 (1.10–1.35) | 1.15 (0.99–1.34) | ||
| Caste/Tribes | ||||
| Scheduled Caste† | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Scheduled Tribes | 1.21 (1.06–1.38) | 1.02 (0.85–1.22) | ||
| Other Backward Class | 0.94 (0.84–1.06) | 0.98 (0.85–1.13) | ||
| Others | 1.07 (0.95–1.19) | 1.10 (0.96–1.27) | ||
| Wealth index | ||||
| Lowest† | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Second | 0.90 (0.78–1.04) | 0.97 (0.80–1.17) | ||
| Middle | 0.88 (0.77–1.01) | 0.95 (0.78–1.16) | ||
| Fourth | 0.82 (0.72–0.93) | 0.90 (0.71–1.14) | ||
| Highest | 0.76 (0.67–0.86) | 0.93 (0.70–1.23) | ||
| Residence | ||||
| Urban† | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Rural | 1.13 (1.04–1.21) | 1.01 (0.89–1.14) | ||
| Geographic region | ||||
| North | 0.64 (0.56–0.73) | 0.64 (0.55–0.75) | ||
| North-east | 1.24 (1.10–1.40) | 1.07 (0.89–1.28) | ||
| Central | 0.66 (0.58–0.76) | 0.64 (0.54–0.76) | ||
| East | 1.40 (1.23–1.59) | 1.11 (0.93–1.31) | ||
| West | 1.16 (1.02–1.31) | 1.17 (1.01–1.37) | ||
| South† | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Environmental factors | ||||
| Cooking fuel use | ||||
| Clean† | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Unclean | 1.16 (1.07–1.25) | 0.99 (0.85–1.15) | ||
| House type | ||||
| Pucca† | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Semi-pucca/kachha | 1.17 (1.08–1.26) | 0.93 (0.81–1.07) | ||
| Availability of separate kitchen | ||||
| Yes† | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| No | 0.97 (0.89–1.06) | 1.01 (0.91–1.12) | ||
| Crowding, persons/room | ||||
| <2† | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 2–4 | 0.91 (0.83–1.00) | 0.94 (0.84–1.04) | ||
| ⩾4 | 0.90 (0.82–1.00) | 0.89 (0.78–1.02) | ||
| BMI and lifestyle factors | ||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | ||||
| <16 | 3.58 (2.77–4.62) | 2.08 (1.73–2.50) | ||
| 16–17 | 2.11 (1.62–2.73) | 1.36 (1.13–1.64) | ||
| 17–18.5 | 1.71 (1.33–2.19) | 1.12 (0.97–1.34) | ||
| 18.5–23† | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 23–25 | 1.60 (1.28–2.00) | 1.06 (0.91–1.24) | ||
| 25–30 | 1.80 (1.41–2.30) | 1.52 (1.33–1.74) | ||
| ⩾30 | 2.47 (1.95–3.12) | 1.67 (1.36–2.06) | ||
| Data missing | 2.83 (2.15–3.73) | 0.57 (0.43–0.76) | ||
| Tobacco smoking | ||||
| Non-smoker† | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Current smoker | 1.29 (1.17–1.42) | 1.30 (1.12–1.50) | ||
| Alcohol consumption | ||||
| Never† | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Ever | 1.15 (1.05–1.27) | 1.21 (1.05–1.39) | ||
| Frequency of watching television | ||||
| Not at all† | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Less than once a week | 1.35 (1.23–1.47) | 0.82 (0.69–0.97) | ||
| At least once a week | 1.06 (0.94–1.20) | 0.93 (0.79–1.10) | ||
| Almost every day | 1.09 (0.97–1.22) | 0.95 (0.82–1.10) | ||
| Dietary intake | ||||
| Milk or milk products | ||||
| Daily | 1.36 (1.22–1.52) | 0.75 (0.64–0.87) | ||
| Weekly | 0.73 (0.67–0.80) | 0.78 (0.67–0.92) | ||
| Occasionally | 0.88 (0.79–0.99) | 0.88 (0.77–1.02) | ||
| Never† | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Pulses and beans | ||||
| Daily | 1.25 (0.91–1.71) | 0.98 (0.66–1.46) | ||
| Weekly | 0.85 (0.76–0.95) | 0.87 (0.59–1.29) | ||
| Occasionally | 0.85 (0.76–0.96) | 0.91 (0.61–1.37) | ||
| Never† | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Green leafy vegetables | ||||
| Daily | 1.10 (0.95–1.28) | 0.79 (0.66–0.93) | ||
| Weekly | 0.94 (0.86–1.02) | 0.91 (0.76–1.09) | ||
| Never/occasionally† | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Fruit | ||||
| Daily | 1.48 (1.23–1.78) | 0.59 (0.45–0.77) | ||
| Weekly | 0.67 (0.59–0.75) | 0.63 (0.49–0.81) | ||
| Occasionally | 0.75 (0.69–0.82) | 0.84 (0.66–1.06) | ||
| Never† | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Eggs | ||||
| Daily | 0.87 (0.79–0.96) | 1.22 (0.95–1.56) | ||
| Weekly | 1.16 (0.98–1.36) | 0.99 (0.83–1.19) | ||
| Occasionally | 1.03 (0.94–1.12) | 0.94 (0.79–1.11) | ||
| Never† | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Fish | ||||
| Daily | 0.81 (0.73–0.89) | 1.07 (0.86–1.34) | ||
| Weekly | 1.48 (1.30–1.67) | 0.87 (0.72–1.06) | ||
| Occasionally | 1.10 (1.00–1.21) | 0.86 (0.72–1.03) | ||
| Never† | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Chicken or meat | ||||
| Daily | 0.73 (0.66–0.80) | 0.84 (0.55–1.27) | ||
| Weekly | 0.76 (0.57–1.02) | 1.31 (1.06–1.63) | ||
| Occasionally | 0.94 (0.86–1.03) | 1.26 (1.03–1.54) | ||
| Never† | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
*
Adjusted for all other variables in the table.
†
Reference category.
OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; BMI = body mass index.