Fig. 3.

LLLT reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increases ATP concentrations. (a) U2OS cells were incubated with DCFDA dye and cellular ROS was measured as described in Sec. 2. (b) A cell extract was prepared immediately following LLLT treatment and ATP was measured using a luciferase-based assay. Data represent the $\text{mean}\pm \mathrm{SEM}$ of at least three separate experiments with $n=4$ per experiment. ****$P<0.0001$, ***$P<0.001$, and **$P<0.01$ compared to untreated control.