Fig. 7.

Diagram illustrating the proposed mechanism of disruption of the adherens junctional complexes of vascular endothelial cells after severe IAV infection. Infection of vascular endothelial cells with IAV decreases β-catenin in the VE-cadherin-β-catenin adhesive complex by activation of GSK-3β and the phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway. TLR, Toll-like receptor; dsDNA, double-stranded DNA; ssRNA, single-stranded RNA. The question mark indicates that signal transductions between TLRs and GSK-3β are unidentified