Table 1.

Effects of serum-derived immunoglobulin preparations on intestinal barrier function and immune response

Species	Model/Indication	Impact of dietary administration of immunoglobulin preparations	References
Pig	Post-weaning	Reduced TNF-α in the colon Reduced IFNγ levels in the ileum and colon day 7, but not day 14 PW	Peace et al. [68]
Pig	Post-weaning	Reduced colonic paracellular permeability Reduced ileal permeability Fewer lamina propria cells in ileum and colon Reduced transepithelial electrical resistance in the colon–improved tight junction Significantly improved fecal scores	Peace et al. [68]
	Rotavirus infection	Significantly reduced clinical signs of diarrhea Significantly greater intestinal mucosal protein and lactase activity	Corl et al. [70]
	Infection by ETEC K88	Reduced expression of TNF-α and IL-8 in the gut Decreased inflammatory cell infiltration and mucosal damage Increased crypt depth, reduced intestinal expression of proinflammatory TNF-α and IL-8	Bosi et al. [71]
Rat	Exposure to SEB	Improved ion transport function, as measured by reductions in the potential difference across the jejunum and Na–K-ATPase activity Improved mucosal permeability (dextran flux and HRP paracellular flux)	Perez-Bosque et al. [48]
Rat	SEB	Prevented the SEB-induced increase in IFNγ, IL-6, and LTB4 in Peyer’s patches and in the mucosa Increased anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and mature TGFβ) in intestinal mucosa	Perez-Bosque et al. [75]
		Reduced SEB-induced increase in cytotoxic lymphocyte populations of γδ-T cells, natural killer cells, and the number of activated T lymphocytes in lamina propria	Perez-Bosque et al. [74]
Mouse	Mdr1-/- knockout mouse model of spontaneous colitis	Reduced the percentage of activated Th lymphocytes Reduced INFγ and TNFα expression in the colon Significantly reduced the expression of cytokines IL-2 and IL-17, chemokines MCP-1 and MIP-1b, and iNOS in the mucosa	Moreto´et al. [72]
Mouse	2 % DSS-induced IBD model	Reduced elevation of IL-1α, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, MCP-1, and KC	Jiang et al. [73]

TNFα tumor necrosis factor α, IFNγ interferon-γ, ETEC K88 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 strain, IL-8 interleukin-8, SEB Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B, Na–K-ATPase sodium–potassium adenosine triphosphatase, HRP horse radish peroxidase, IL-6 interleukin-6, LTB4 leukotriene B4, IL-10 interleukin-10, TGFβ transforming growth factor β, IL-17 interleukin 17, MCP-1 monocyte chemotactic protein 1, MIP-1b macrophage inflammatory protein, iNOS inducible nitric oxide synthase, DSS dextran sodium sulfate, IL-1α interleukin-1α, IL-4 interleukin-4, KC keratinocyte-derived cytokine