Table 1.
The clinical characteristics of study participants stratified by fluid overload
| Parameters | Entire Cohort (n=478) | △HS<7% (n=239) | △HS≥7% (n=239) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (yr) | 65.4±12.7 | 64.2±13.0 | 66.5±12.2 | 0.04 |
| Sex (men), % | 54.6 | 51.5 | 57.7 | 0.16 |
| Smoke, % | 20.5 | 20.9 | 20.1 | 0.82 |
| Alcohol, % | 9.8 | 10.5 | 9.2 | 0.64 |
| Cardiovascular disease, % | 18.6 | 15.9 | 21.3 | 0.12 |
| Cerebral vascular disease, % | 9.6 | 5.9 | 13.4 | <0.01 |
| Hypertension, % | 84.9 | 80.3 | 89.5 | <0.01 |
| Diabetes mellitus, % | 44.1 | 34.3 | 54.0 | <0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia, % | 52.5 | 51.5 | 53.6 | 0.64 |
| CKD stage 4, % | 49.2 | 52.3 | 46.0 | 0.17 |
| CKD stage 5, % | 50.8 | 47.7 | 54.0 | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.4±3.8 | 24.6±3.7 | 24.1±3.8 | 0.13 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 139.6±20.3 | 133.7±17.2 | 145.4±21.6 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 75.5±11.6 | 76.2±11.0 | 74.9±12.3 | 0.22 |
| Body composition | ||||
| Lean tissue index (kg/m2) | 13.8±2.6 | 14.1±2.6 | 13.4±2.6 | 0.003 |
| Fat tissue index (kg/m2) | 9.8±4.2 | 10.3±4.4 | 9.4±3.9 | 0.01 |
| Total body water (L) | 32.7±6.7 | 32.3±6.0 | 33.2±7.3 | 0.12 |
| Intracellular water (L) | 17.1±3.6 | 17.5±3.4 | 16.7±3.8 | 0.02 |
| Extracellular water (L) | 15.6±3.6 | 14.8±3.1 | 16.4±3.8 | <0.001 |
| Extracellular water/total body water, % | 47.7±3.5 | 45.8±3.1 | 49.6±2.8 | <0.001 |
| Overhydration (L) | 1.0 (0.4, 2.2) | 0.4 (−0.1, 0.7) | 2.1 (1.5, 3.6) | <0.001 |
| Medications | ||||
| Diuretics, % | 29.4 | 20.5 | 38.5 | <0.001 |
| Calcium channel blocker, % | 60.0 | 49.4 | 70.7 | <0.001 |
| β-Blocker, % | 27.8 | 22.2 | 33.5 | <0.01 |
| ACEI/ARB, % | 53.1 | 53.1 | 53.2 | 0.99 |
| Laboratory parameters | ||||
| BUN (mg/dl) | 47.3 (34.3, 64.9) | 42.2 (32.5, 61.8) | 50.6 (37.5, 68.4) | <0.001 |
| eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | 15.3±7.5 | 16.1±7.9 | 14.5±7.0 | 0.02 |
| Glycated hemoglobin, % | 5.9 (5.6, 6.8) | 5.8 (5.6, 6.4) | 6.0 (5.6, 7.0) | 0.06 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 10.4±1.7 | 10.8±1.7 | 10.1±1.7 | <0.001 |
| Albumin (g/dl) | 4.0±0.4 | 4.2±0.3 | 3.9±0.5 | <0.001 |
| Calcium-phosphate product (mg2/dl2) | 38.5 (34.2, 44.0) | 38.5 (33.3, 44.1) | 38.3 (34.8, 44.1) | 0.47 |
| Uric acid (mg/dl) | 7.7±1.7 | 7.5±1.6 | 7.9±1.8 | 0.01 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 180 (153, 210) | 185 (161, 211) | 174 (146, 206) | 0.01 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 116 (80, 166) | 123 (86, 173) | 107 (74, 158) | <0.01 |
| High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 1.3 (0.6, 3.6) | 1.4 (0.7, 3.0) | 1.3 (0.6, 4.0) | 0.88 |
| Parathyroid hormone (pg/ml) | 95 (50, 238) | 83 (44, 205) | 117 (58, 270) | 0.07 |
| Urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (g/g) | 1.3 (0.6, 2.8) | 1.0 (0.5, 1.7) | 2.1 (0.9, 4.4) | <0.001 |
Data are expressed as numbers (percentages) for categorical variables and means±SDs or medians (25th, 75th percentiles) for continuous variables as appropriate. Conversion factors for units: eGFR in milliliters per minute per 1.73 m2 to milliliters per second 1.73 m2, ×0.01667; hemoglobin in grams per deciliter to grams per liter, ×10; albumin in grams per deciliter to grams per liter, ×10; calcium-phosphate product in milligrams2 per deciliter2 to millimoles2 per liter2, ×0.0806; cholesterol in milligrams per deciliter to millimoles per liter, ×0.02586; triglyceride in milligrams per deciliter to millimoles per liter, ×0.01129; and uric acid in milligrams per deciliter to micromoles per liter, ×59.48. P value was measured by comparisons between participants with △HS≥7% and those with △HS<7%. ACEI/ARB, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker; △HS, relative hydration status.