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The Y. pseudotuberculosis flea toxin is associated with the bacterial membrane. Mortality of fleas 24 h after feeding on blood containing 8.33 mg/mL of a Y. pseudotuberculosis IP32953 whole-cell lysate (CL) or 2.67–5.67 mg/mL proteins of Y. pseudotuberculosis or Y. pestis periplasmic (P), cytoplasmic (C), membrane (M), membrane supernatant (MS), or membrane pellet (MP) fractions. Data are the mean and range from a minimum of three independent experiments. ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001.
