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. 2004 Jun 7;101(24):9023–9028. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0402822101

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3.

Phylogeny of modern birds and expression of Galα1-4Gal on avian egg white glycoproteins. The phylogenetic tree is based on DNA-DNA hybridization by Sibley et al. (29). The position of the Turniciformes in their classification is uncertain (p. 255 in ref. 29), and is indicated with dashed line. Avian orders belonging to Ratitae (*) and Galloanserae (**) are indicated with asterisks. Non-Ratitae/Galloanserae modern birds are sometimes called Neoaves. The examples of birds and recorded number of species in each order (27) are indicated in parentheses. Ciconiiformes in Sibley's classification (27, 28) are traditionally classified as Charadriiformes (e.g., gulls), Falconiformes (e.g., eagles), Podicipediformes (grebes), Pelecaniformes (e.g., tropicbirds), Ciconiiformes (e.g., storks), Sphenesciformes (penguins), Gaviiformes (loons), and Procellariformes (e.g., albatrosses). The number of Galα1-4Gal-positive species and the total species examined in this study are indicated in the right column. N/A, not available. [Modified from ref. 29 with permission from Yale Univ. Press (Copyright 1990, Yale Univ. Press).]