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. 2014 Nov 25;15(12):21703–21722. doi: 10.3390/ijms151221703

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© 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Major apoptotic and inflammatory pathways regulated by curcumin [49]. Courtesy of Postepy Higieny i Medycyny Doswiadczalnej. AKT: Serine/threonine-specific protein kinase; AP-1: Activator protein 1, transcriptional factor; Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2, regulator protein; BclxL: B-cell lymphoma-extra large antiapoptotic protein; c-fos: c-fos protein, proto-oncogen; c-jun: c-jun protein, proto-oncogen; COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2; EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor; ERK: Extracellular-signal-regulated kinases; FasR: Death receptor; FasL: Type-II transmembrane protein; IAP: Inhibitor of apoptosis protein family; IκB: Inhibitor of κB; JAK: Janus kinase; JNK: c-jun N-terminal kinases; MEKP1: Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1; NADH: Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NADPH: Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NFκB: Nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; p38 MAPK: p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase; PKC: Protein kinase C; PPAR: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; Rac: Subfamily of the Rho family of GTPases; Raf: Raf family kinases; Ras: Ras family kinases; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; STAT: Signal transducer and activator of transcription protein family; TGFβR: Transforming growth factor β receptor; tPA: Tissue plasminogen activator; Black arrows represents signaling pathways, while red symbols, structures inhibited via curcumin.