Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the health examination subjects.
| Baseline Characteristics | Total | Men | Women | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 612 | 323 | 289 | |
| Age (years) | 46.2 ± 10.0 | 45.6 ± 10.0 | 47.0 ± 10.0 | 0.082 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 113.1 ± 16.1 | 114.0 ± 14.3 | 112.1 ± 17.8 | 0.169 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 75.0 ± 10.0 | 76.8 ± 9.7 | 73.1 ± 10.0 | <0.001 |
| Mean BP (mm Hg) | 87.7 ± 11.2 | 89.2 ± 10.4 | 86.1±11.8 | 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 198.8 ± 36.4 | 200.7 ± 36.9 | 196.6 ± 35.9 | 0.164 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 55.3 ± 14.3 | 49.8 ± 11.9 | 61.3 ± 14.3 | <0.001 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 116.1 ± 32.9 | 118.4 ± 33.8 | 113.5 ± 31.6 | 0.064 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 142.4 ± 118.5 | 171.8 ± 147.2 | 109.9 ± 60.6 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.3 ± 3.5 | 24.9 ± 3.1 | 23.6 ± 3.7 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 5.1 | 5.9 | 4.2 | 0.330 |
| Current smokers (%) | 19.3 | 33.1 | 3.8 | <0.001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 96.2 ± 22.5 | 98.9 ± 25.7 | 93.2 ± 17.7 | 0.002 |
| Fasting serum insulin (μU/mL) | 9.2 ± 4.9 | 9.8 ± 5.5 | 8.6 ± 3.9 | 0.003 |
| HOMA-IR index | 2.2 ± 1.4 | 2.4 ± 1.6 | 2.0 ± 1.1 | <0.001 |
| QUICKI | 0.35 ± 0.25 | 0.34 ± 0.25 | 0.35 ± 0.24 | <0.001 |
| Adiponectin (mg/L) | 7.2 ± 5.2 | 5.4 ± 4.0 | 9.1 ± 5.6 | <0.001 |
| Resistin (ng/mL) | 18.6 ± 14.3 | 17.9 ± 12.2 | 19.2 ± 16.4 | 0.234 |
| Lipocalin 2 (ng/mL) | 80.4 ± 52.0 | 83.9 ± 59.8 | 76.5 ± 41.7 | 0.078 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 1.08 ± 1.39 | 1.10 ± 1.38 | 1.07 ± 1.40 | 0.186 |
| Fibrinogen (mg/dL) | 264.9 ± 70.3 | 262.8 ± 72.4 | 267.4 ± 68.0 | 0.424 |
| sE-selectin (ng/mL) | 53.3 ± 25.1 | 60.0 ± 25.8 | 45.7 ± 21.8 | <0.001 |
| sP-selectin (ng/mL) | 139.9 ± 117.0 | 154.5 ± 131.9 | 123.5 ± 95.5 | 0.001 |
| SAA (mg/L) | 6.1 ± 15.4 | 7.0 ± 19.6 | 5.1 ± 8.9 | 0.131 |
| sICAM1 (ng/mL) | 241.3 ± 110.6 | 243.9 ± 109.2 | 238.4 ± 112.3 | 0.583 |
| sVCAM1 (ng/mL) | 491.0 ± 131.9 | 494.2 ± 148.7 | 487.4 ± 110.3 | 0.652 |
| MMP1 (pg/mL) | 467.2 ± 1151.8 | 338.9 ± 545.4 | 609.7 ± 1560.8 | 0.673 |
| MMP2 (ng/mL) | 126.5 ± 40.9 | 123.2 ± 41.2 | 130.1 ± 40.4 | 0.038 |
| MMP-9 (ng/mL) | 143.5 ± 111.9 | 155.1 ± 115.8 | 130.6 ± 105.9 | 0.007 |
| MCP1 (pg/mL) | 73.0 ± 58.3 | 78.0 ± 66.1 | 67.4 ± 47.6 | 0.010 |
| sTNFRII (pg/mL) | 3270.9 ± 947.5 | 3328.1 ± 981.5 | 3207.4 ± 905.7 | 0.102 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.99 ± 0.46 | 1.12 ± 0.44 | 0.84 ± 0.44 | <0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 81.03 ± 14.94 | 79.38 ± 13.55 | 82.93 ± 16.21 | 0.007 |
| YKL-40 (ng/mL) | 92.37 ± 90.32 | 95.08 ± 101.50 | 89.14 ± 74.94 | 0.283 |
| 8-OHdG/creatinine (ng/mg) | 38.12 ± 24.44 | 35.65 ± 24.97 | 40.9 ± 23.56 | 0.008 |
BP, blood pressure; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; CRP, C-reactive protein; SAA, serum amyloid A; sE-selectin, soluble E-selectin; sP-selectin, soluble P-selectin; sICAM1, soluble intercellular adhesive molecule 1; sVCAM1, soluble vascular cell adhesive molecule 1; MMP1, matrix metalloproteinase 1; MMP2, matrix metalloproteinase 2; MMP9, matrix metalloproteinase 9; MCP-1, Monocyte chemotactic protein-1; sTNFRII, soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor 2; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; 8-OHdG: 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine. Continuous variables are presented as mean ± SD. HDL-C, LDL-C, Total cholesterol, Triglyceride, CRP, SAA, sICAM1, sVCAM1, sE-selectin, sP-selectin, MMP1, MMP2, MMP9, YKL-40, MCP1, and sTNFRII values were logarithmically transformed before statistical testing to meet the assumption of normal distributions; however, the untransformed data are shown. BP levels and lipid variables were analyzed with the exclusion of subjects using antihypertensive drugs and/or lipid-lowering agents. Fasting plasma glucose and insulin and HOMA-IR index were analyzed with the exclusion of anti-diabetic medications. CRP level was calculated with the exclusion of subjects with CRP levels above10 mg/L.