Table 1.
Overview of different transcription factors expressed during various stages of β-cells differentiated from pluripotent stem cells. “** [ ]” indicates Mesoendoderm. This shows that closed box [ ] contain transcription factor for Mesoendoderm, the rest is definitive endoderm.
| References | Initial stage | DE Induction | Pancreas Induction | Differentiation | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ** Mesoendoderm/Definitive Endoderm | Primitive Gut Tube | Posterior for Gut | Pancreatic Endoderm | Hormone Expressing | ||
| STAGE 1 | STAGE 2 | STAGE 3 | STAGE 4 | STAGE 5 | ||
| [32] | OCT4, NANOG, SOX2, ECAD | ** [BRA, FGF4, WNT3, NCAD] SOX17, CER, FOXA2, CXCR4 (DE) | HNF1β, HNF4α | PDX1, HNF6, HLXB9 | NKX6-1, NGN3, PAX4, NKX2-2 | INS, CGL, GHRL, SST, PPY |
| [33] (No Serum) | – | SOX17, FOXA2, HNF4α, GATA4, CXCR4 | PDX1, FOXA2, SOX17, CXCR4, HLXB9, PTF1α, NGN3, NKX6.1 | PDX1, PTF1α, NGN3, ISL1, NKX6-1 | PDX1, CK-19, INS, Glucagon, GLU2, ISL1, NKX6-1 | – |
| [34] | FOXA2, SOX17 | PDX1, PTF1α, NGN3, INS, Somatostatin, Glucagon, Amylase | PAX4, NKX2.2, NKX6.1, ISL1, INS, Somatostatin, Glucagon, Amylase | PAX4, NKX2.2, NKX6.1, ISL1, INS, Somatostatin, Glucagon, Amylase | PAX4, NKX2.2, NKX6.1, ISL1, INS, Somatostatin, Glucagon, Amylase | – |
| [35] | – | BRACHURRY, SOX17, FOXA2, HNF4α | HNF4α | HNF4α, PDX1 | NGN3, PDX1 | INS, C-peptide and glucagon |
| [36] | OCT4, NANOG, SOX2, ECAD | ** [ BRA, FGF4, WNT3, NCAD (1–2 days)] SOX17, CER, FOXA2, CXCR4 | HNF1B, HNF4A | PDX1, HNF6, PROX1, SOX9 | NKX6-1, NGN3, PTF1A, NKX2-2 | – |
| [37] | – | CXCR4, SOX17, FOXA2 | PDX1 | – | PDX1 | - |
| [38] | – | FOXA2, CXCR4, SOX 17 | PDX1, HNF6, PAX6 | PDX1, FOXA2, SOX9, HNF1B, MAFA, INS, GLU2, NKX6-1, GLUCOKINASE, TCF1 | – | PDX1, NKX6-1, GLUT2, MAFA, ISL-1, NEUROD |
| [39] | – | SOX17, GSC, FOXA2, CXCR4 | HNF1β, HNF6 | HNF1b, HNF6, SOX9, HLXB9, PDX1 | NKX6.1, NGN3, PAX4, PDX1, FOXA2 | PDX1 |
| [40] | OCT4 | FOXA2, SOX 17 | HNF1β, HNF4α | PDX1 | AMY | – |
| [41] | – | CDX2, SOX2, SOX9 | – | – | NGN3, ISL1, NEUROD1, PAX6, MAFB, PROX1 | INS, GCG, SST, ARX1, MAF, INSM1 |
| [42] | – | SOX17, FOXA2 | – | PDX1, HNF6, HLXB, NGN3, NEUROD1, SOX9 | INS, C-Peptide, PDX1, NEUROD1, ISLET-1, PAX6, and NKX2.2, glucagon ghrelin, or somatostatin | – |
| [43] | – | SOX17, GSC, FOXA2, CXCR4 | FOXA1, HNF1β, HNF4α | PDX1, HNF6, PROX1, SOX9 | NKX6-1, PTF1α, NGN3, NKX2-2 | CHGA, INS, GCG, SST |
| [44] | – | SOX17, GSC, FOXA2, CXCR4 | FOXA1, HNF1β, HNF4α | PDX1, HNF6, PROX1, SOX9 | NKX6-1, PTF1α, NGN3, NKX2-2 | CHGA, INS, GCG, SST |