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. 2015 Jan 6;8:420. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00420

Table 3.

Effects of stress exposure at different time points throughout life on hippocampus in preclinical research (first row) and clinical research (second row).

Vulnerability Prenatal Postnatal Adolescent Adult
♂ > ♀ –

  • ↓ Cell proliferation

  • • Maternal separation 2 weeks (females not studied; 170)

  • ↓ Immature neurons

  • • Maternal deprivation, P3 (183, 184)

  • ↑ Cell survival

  • • Restraint, P30-52 (16)

  • ↑ Cell proliferation, immature neurons

  • • Social instability, P30-45 (in adolescence; 163)

  • ↓ Cell survival

  • • Chronic footstock stress (265)

  • ↓ CA3 apical dendritic neuropil

  • • Chronic restraint stress (80)

  • ↓ Immature neurons (dorsal)

  • • Chronic corticosterone (33)
– – –

  • ↓ Volume

  • • At least 2 years of depression (77)
♀ > ♂ –

  • ↓ Immature neurons

  • • Maternal deprivation, P3 (at weaning; 182)

  • ↓ Cell proliferation

  • • Restraint, P30-52 (16)

  • • Social instability, P30-45 (in adolescence; 161)

  • ↑ Cell survival

  • • Chronic footstock stress (265)

  • ↓ CA3 basal dendritic neuropil

  • • Chronic restraint stress (80)
– – –

  • ↑ Immature neurons

  • • No stress, with antidepressant treatment (69)

  • ↑ Volume

  • • No stress, with Antidepressant treatment (249)
♂ = ♀

  • ↓ cell proliferation, survival, immature neurons

  • • Stress during week 3 of gestation, effects throughout lifespan (20, 128, 136, 155, 207, 279)

 – –

  • ↓ Immature neurons (ventral)

  • • Chronic corticosterone (33)
–

  • ↓ Volume

  • • Maltreatment (44)

 – –

All data are based on outcome in adulthood unless otherwise specified. ♂ > ♀, Males more vulnerable than females; ♀ > ♂, females more vulnerable than males; ♀ = ♂, both sexes equally likely to develop depression. P, postnatal day.