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The course of acute and persistent inflammatory responses. The upper panel depicts the trajectory of a typical inflammatory response. An initial pro-inflammatory phase characterized by recruitment of neutrophils and production of cytokines such as IL-6 and TNFα is followed by resolution, with compensatory induction of anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-10, TGFβ). Non-resolving and persistent inflammation is mild but unopposed by anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
