EXHIBIT 1. Emergency Department (ED) Revenue And Cost, By Visit Category, 2009.

SOURCE Authors’ analysis conducted in January 2013 using the 2009 5 percent sample Medicare Provider and Analysis Review File; a 5 percent sample of the 2009 Truven Health MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Database; 2009 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) database; 2009 Medicare Cost Reports; 2009 Medicaid enrollment by state from the Kaiser Family Foundation; and 2008 state-based Medicaid-to-Medicare fee ratios for outpatient care from Zuckerman et al., 2009 (Note ¹⁹ in text). NOTE Profit margin is defined as net revenue (revenue minus costs) divided by total revenue.