Table 1.

Characteristics of Patients in the Analytic Dataset (n=371,638)

Characteristic	n (%)
Demographics (# missing values)
Age – median years (0)	80 (73–86)
Sex (878)
Female	193,988 (52)
Race‡(0)
White	326,129 (88)
African American	29,292 (8)
Hispanic	7,685 (2)
Others	8,533 (2)
Median income – yearly (0)	$39,831 ($33,325–$51,918)
Comorbid conditions* (0)
Hypertension	240,729 (65)
Congestive heart failure	187,109 (50)
Diabetes, uncomplicated	112,862 (30)
Chronic pulmonary disease	109,121 (29)
Valvular disease	86,037 (23)
Peripheral vascular disease	54,289 (15)
Renal failure	51,554 (14)
Solid cancer, no metastases	45,067 (12)
Diabetes, complicated	31,949 (9)
Obesity	18,209 (5)
Pulmonary hypertension	13,959 (4)
Peptic ulcer disease	9,492 (3)
Metastatic cancer	1,898 (1)

Medians are reported with interquartile ranges

^‡Federal race/ethnicity categories (social-political constructs)

^*Comorbid condition categories defined using Elixhauser et al.'s risk adjustment method using prior 12 months inpatient and outpatient records. No missing values by construction.