Table 3.

HPV vaccination adolescent/young adult education interventional trials.

Author, year and journal	Intervention (I) and control (C)	Outcome (O) and assessment (A)	Population	Setting	Time frame	Results RR (95%CI) or M ± SD^a
Brabin, 2010 Vaccine³³	Unclear if trial was randomized I:10-min educational video about HPV and the HPV vaccine including personal stories for adolescents and a fact sheet about the HPV vaccine for their parents C: Fact sheet about the HPV vaccine for parents	O: Desire to receive HPV vaccine A: Single survey item assessed 6–8 months post-intervention	553 girls ages 12–13	Schools in Manchester, UK	2007–2008 pre licensure	1.08 (1.01, 1.16) Authors reported results as 90% of intervention group and 83% of control group “want the vaccine,” P = 0.015
Doherty, 2008 Int J Sex Health³⁸	Randomized, controlled trial I: Online HPV fact sheet including question/answer section, personal story and self-quiz C: No online fact sheet	O: HPV vaccination A: Change in average score of 7 items including: willingness to obtain the vaccine (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree) assessed immediately post- and one month post-intervention	119 male and female college students White (93%), Asian-American (3%), Black (1%), other (3%)	4 psychology courses at Bates College, Maine	Post-licensure (date not specified)	Immediately post-intervention: I: 2.7 ± 2.8 C:1.2±1.9 P = 0.036 1 month post-intervention: No significant difference Average scores 1 month post-intervention depicted graphically only (no numerical results reported).
Gottvall, 2010 Int J STD AIDS³⁴	Unclear if trial was randomized I: One-hour lesson about HPV and preventive methods focusing on vaccination and condom use, folder about HPV and prevention and incentives to view project’s website about HPV and other STIs C: Two groups: C1: No educational materials, completed baseline survey C2: No educational materials and did not complete baseline survey	O: Receipt of HPV vaccine A: Self-report two months post-intervention	276 first-year male and female high school students Swedish (76%)	3 high schools in Sweden	10/2008–5/2009 2009 post-licensure	1.36 (0.72, 2.56)^b Authors reported HPV vaccination rates for I (16%) vs. C1 (14%) vs. C2 (11%) Authors also reported intention and attitudes (not shown here)
Krawczyk, 2012 J Am Coll Health⁴⁰	Randomized, controlled trial I: Two groups: I1:1: 5-min educational video about HPV and the HPV vaccine video presented by a healthcare provider I2: Fact sheet about HPV and vaccine C: Fact sheet about general cancer prevention strategies	O: HPV vaccination intention A: Single item, 7 point scale (1 = not at all to 7 = definitely) assessed immediately post-intervention	200 male and female college students White (61%), non-White (38.5%) Income of >$100,000 (46%)	McGill University, Montreal	10/2009 to 03/2010 post-licensure	I1: 4.39 ± 1.86 C: 3.88 ± 1.77 P<0.05 I2: 4.57 ± 1.90 C: 3.88 ± 1.77 P<0.05 I1 vs. I2: no significant difference
Kwan 2011 Patient Educ Couns³⁵	Comparison of attitudes pre- to post-intervention I: One-h educational slide presentation followed by a question/answer session conducted by a gynecologist oncologist C: No control condition	O: “How likely is it that you would take the HPV vaccine now?” A: single item (yes/no) assessed immediately post-intervention	943 adolescent girls Parents with secondary school education or more (91.6%)	4 secondary schools in Hong Kong	07/2008–11/2008 post-licensure	1.15 (1.10, 1.20)^c Authors reported intent pre- (74.9%) vs. post-intervention (86.2%).
Lloyd, 2008 J Adolesc Health³⁶	Randomized, controlled trial I: Fact sheet about HPV prevalence, detection, prevention, treatment and symptoms C: Two groups C1: Fact sheet about chlamydia C2: Fact sheet about theenvironment	O: HPV vaccination intention A: Single item, (1 to 4, 4=very likely) assessed immediately post-intervention	174 boys and girls ages 13–16	Two grade schools in London	Post-licensure (date not specified)	I: 3.36 ±0.74 C1: 3.09±0.8 No significant difference I: 3.36 ±0.74 C2: 3.00 ±0.89 P = 0.02
Patel, 2012 J Am Coll Health³⁹	Randomized controlled trial I: Fact sheet about HPV and vaccination given and contents reviewed with the study coordinator. Two weeks later, mailed copy of the fact sheet and reminder letter including how to schedule vaccination C: HPV vaccine briefly mentioned, different HPV vaccination fact sheet given and information on how to schedule vaccination given	O: Receipt of first dose of HPV vaccine A: Medical record review and if not available, self-report six months post intervention	256 female college students ages 18–26 White (67.2%), Asian (13.7%), African-American (9.0%), other (5.1%), more than one race (5.1%)	Gynecology clinic at University of Michigan	11/2007–01/2009 post-licensure	0.84 (0.31, 2.28)
Vanderpool, 2013 J Commun³⁷	Randomized, controlled trial I:13-min educational video about HPV and vaccination, plus CDC HPV vaccine information sheet and a free t-shirt C: CDC HPV vaccine fact sheet and a free t-shirt	O: Completion of the 3-dose series A: Medical record review up to nine months after the initial HPV vaccine dose was administered	344 women ages 18–26 who received a free first dose of HPV vaccination from the study White non-Hispanic (94%) Some college education (48%)	Appalachian Kentucky: recruited from health departments, clinics, colleges, festivals, stores and homes	2010–2011 post-licensure	1.36 (1.03, 1.79)^c Authors reported 43.3% of intervention group and 31.9% of control group completed the 3-dose series (P = 0.03)

RR (95%CI) = relative risk (95% confidence intervals) where RR >1 indicates higher and RR< 1 indicates lower HPV vaccine acceptance. M ± SD = mean ± standard deviation.

Reviewers calculated RR (95%CI) by combining the two control groups.

Reviewers calculated RR (95%CI).