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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jan 6.
Published in final edited form as: Arch Intern Med. 2012 Mar 26;172(6):519–521. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2011.2100

Table.

Chocolate Consumption Frequency Predicts Lower BMI: Regression Resultsa

Chocolate Consumption Frequency,
Association With BMI
Adjustment Model β (SE) P Value
Unadjusted −0.142 (0.053) .008
Age and sex adjusted −0.126 (0.053) .02
Age, sex, and activity adjusted −0.130 (0.052) .01
Age, sex, activity, and calorie adjusted −0.146 (0.059) .01
Age, sex, activity, and satfat adjusted −0.190 (0.059) .001
Age, sex, activity, satfat, and CES-D adjusted −0.191 (0.059) .001
Age, sex, activity, satfat, fruit and vegetable, and CES-D adjusted −0.201 (0.060) .001
Age, sex, activity, satfat, fruit and vegetable, CES-D, and calories adjusted −0.208 (0.060) .001

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale; satfat, saturated fat.

a

A model containing calories (and activity, as well as age and sex) was included, since calories and activity are usual predictors of BMI. However, calories were otherwise not in adjustment models because chocolate inherently contains calories and adjustment could justly be deemed inappropriate—overstating the benefits of chocolate to BMI. Closely similar results were obtained using an alternate activity measure. Significance was identical for all except the third and fourth models, where significance was stronger (P = .006 and P = .007, vs P = .01 and P = .01).