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. 2014 Jul 10;68(9):2571–2588. doi: 10.1111/evo.12465

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© 2014 The Authors. Evolution published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The Society for the Study of Evolution.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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The impact of mutational and selectional correlations on the distribution of adaptive substitutions for n = 2 traits. The left-hand column shows the correlation between step sizes in the direction of the moving optimum (α₁) and in an orthogonal direction (α₂) for different values of mutational (top row) and selectional (bottom row) correlation ρ_Σ and ρ_M, plotted as a function of the rate of environmental change v₁. The right-hand column shows , that is, the mean phenotypic lag in the direction orthogonal to the moving optimum, demonstrating the flying- and diving-kite effects (top and bottom, respectively). Lines show results from adaptive-walk simulations, whereas symbols are from individual-based simulations. Remaining parameters: Θ = 1, σ² = 10, m² = 1.

Inline graphic — The impact of mutational and selectional correlations on the distribution of adaptive substitutions for n = 2 traits. The left-hand column shows the correlation between step sizes in the direction of the moving optimum (α₁) and in an orthogonal direction (α₂) for different values of mutational (top row) and selectional (bottom row) correlation ρ_Σ and ρ_M, plotted as a function of the rate of environmental change v₁. The right-hand column shows , that is, the mean phenotypic lag in the direction orthogonal to the moving optimum, demonstrating the flying- and diving-kite effects (top and bottom, respectively). Lines show results from adaptive-walk simulations, whereas symbols are from individual-based simulations. Remaining parameters: Θ = 1, σ² = 10, m² = 1.