Table 1.

Photosynthetic parameters and changes induced by VP and [CO₂]-lowering.

	VP under [CO2] = 360 ppm	[CO2]- lowering to 10–15 ppm	[CO2]- lowering to 150 ppm	VP under [CO2] = 10–15 ppm
n	17	9	10	11
A decrease, μmol·m−2·s−1	−1.95 ± 0.19*	−4.08 ± 0.3*	−1.91 ± 0.20*	−1.03 ± 0.15*
EF(PSII)initial, μmol·m−2·s−1	30.1 ± 1.2	33.1 ± 2.2	34.3 ± 1.3	13.7 ± 1.4
EF(PSII)min, μmol·m−2·s−1	23.6 ± 1.1*	13.5 ± 1.6*	25.9 ± 1.1*	8.1 ± 1.0*
EF(PSII)min- EF(PSII)initial, μmol·m−2·s−1	−6.5 ± 0.7*	−19.7 ± 1.3*	−8.3 ± 0.9*	−5.5 ± 0.8*
EF(C)initial, μmol·m−2·s−1	11.1 ± 1.4	11.7 ± 2.3	11.3 ± 1.9	18.1 ± 1.2
EF(C)min, μmol·m−2·s−1	8.6 ± 1.2*	11.7 ± 2.3	11.1 ± 1.8	15.0 ± 1.2*
EF(C)max, μmol·m−2·s−1	14.4 ± 1.1*	20.0 ± 1.6*	15.3 ± 2.1*	18.6 ± 1.3
EF(C)min- EF(C)initial, μmol·m−2·s−1	−2.6 ± 0.3*	0	−0.2 ± 0.1	−3.1 ± 0.4*
EF(C)max- EF(C)min, μmol·m−2·s−1	5.8 ± 0.4*	8.3 ± 1.1*	4.2 ± 0.5*	3.6 ± 0.5*
NPQinitial	1.16 ± 0.05	1.25 ± 0.14	1.29 ± 0.09	2.76 ± 0.14
NPQmax	1.97 ± 0.08*	2.69 ± 0.17*	1.86 ± 0.14*	3.44 ± 0.16*
NPQmax- NPQinitial	0.81 ± 0.06*	1.34 ± 0.11*	0.57 ± 0.08*	0.68 ± 0.13*
ϕND initial	0.081 ± 0.009	0.071 ± 0.016	0.048 ± 0.006	0.202 ± 0.025
ϕND max	0.142 ± 0.011*	0.182 ± 0.014*	0.100 ± 0.012*	0.253 ± 0.021*
ϕND max- ϕND initial	0.061 ± 0.008*	0.111 ± 0.010*	0.035 ± 0.006*	0.051 ± 0.009*
ϕNA initial	0.584 ± 0.015	0.559 ± 0.027	0.563 ± 0.027	0.536 ± 0.028
ϕNA min	0.572 ± 0.014*	0.531 ± 0.025*	0.551 ± 0.028*	0.549 ± 0.026
ϕNA min- ϕNA initial	−0.012 ± 0.002*	−0.029 ± 0.007*	−0.012 ± 0.003*	0.013 ± 0.006

^*p < 0.05 compared with control, paired Student t-test.