Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of the Study Sample
| Variable | Patients | Controls | p-value+* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (n=108) | Males (n=59) | Females (n=49) | All (n=44) | Males (n=19) | Females (n=25) | ||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
| Age | 41.8 (12.6) | 38.4 (12.9) | 45.8 (10.9) | 37.3 (14.2) | 37.4 (13.7) | 37.2 (14.9) | 0.08 |
| Smoking (cigarettes/day) | 7.3 (10.3) | 8.9 (10.7) | 5.4 (10.7) | 1.5 (4.3) | 0.4 (1.2) | 2.3 (5.4) | <0.01 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.9 (7.6) | 30.9 (8.1) | 31.0 (7.1) | 28.5 (5.2) | 29.6 (4.1) | 27.7 (5.8) | 0.14 |
| SES | 33 (15) | 30 (13) | 37 (16) | 53 (11) | 54 (10) | 53 (12) | <0.01 |
| DALI Alcohol Score | −1.6 (2.1) | −1.0 (2.1) | −2.3 (1.9) | −1.5 (2.1) | −0.5 (1.8) | −2.2 (2.0) | 0.78 |
| WBC (×103/μL) | 6.4 (2.2) | 6.6 (2.2) | 6.1 (2.1) | 5.9 (2.2) | 6.0 (1.5) | 5.8 (2.6) | 0.12 |
| Neutrophils (×103/μL) | 3.7 (1.8) | 3.8 (1.9) | 3.5 (1.7) | 3.4 (1.8) | 3.5 (1.2) | 3.4 (2.2) | 0.33 |
| Lymphocytes (×103/μL) | 2.0 (0.6) | 2.0 (0.6) | 2.0 (0.7) | 1.8 (0.5) | 1.8 (0.3) | 1.8 (0.6) | 0.10 |
| Monocytes (×103/μL) | 0.41 (0.17) | 0.45 (0.17) | 0.36 (0.16) | 0.40 (0.21) | 0.45 (0.21) | 0.36 (0.21) | 0.43 |
| High-sensitivity CRP (mg/L) | 7.3 (10.9) | 4.9 (6.9) | 10.2 (13.9) | 3.5 (3.9) | 4.5 (4.9) | 2.7 (2.6) | 0.04 |
| Framingham Risk Score (%) | 3.6 (5.9) | 5.2 (6.8) | 1.6 (3.6) | 2.2 (4.8) | 4.0 (6.7) | 0.7 (1.2) | 0.01 |
| Framingham General Cardiovascular Risk Score (%) | 8.7 (8.5) | 9.9 (9.5) | 7.2 (6.8) | 6.1 (8.4) | 8.2 (10.8) | 4.5 (5.7) | <0.01 |
| Total : HDL Cholesterol Ratio | 3.9 (1.6) | 4.0 (1.5) | 3.8 (1.7) | 3.7 (1.0) | 3.8 (0.8) | 3.6 (1.1) | 0.56 |
| Age at first hospitalization for psychosis | 25 (10) | 23 (8) | 29 (11) | <0.01 | |||
| Antipsychotic dose (CPZ equivalents) | 397 (467) | 418 (496) | 370 (431) | 0.93 | |||
| PANSS Positive | 19 (7) | 19 (7) | 19 (6) | 0.67 | |||
| PANSS Negative | 17 (6) | 17 (6) | 16 (5) | 0.22 | |||
| PANSS General | 37 (10) | 37 (10) | 38 (12) | 0.69 | |||
| PANSS Total | 73 (18) | 73 (17) | 73 (19) | 0.99 | |||
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | p-value+** | |
|
| |||||||
| Sex (male) | 59 (55) | 19 (43) | 0.22 | ||||
| Race | |||||||
| Caucasian | 35 (32) | 18 (31) | 17 (35) | 22 (50) | 13 (68) | 9 (36) | 0.02 |
| African Descent | 69 (64) | 38 (64) | 31 (63) | 16 (36) | 5 (26) | 11 (44) | |
| Western Asian | 1 (1) | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 2 (5) | 1 (5) | 1 (4) | |
| Hispanic | 2 (2) | 1 (2) | 1 (2) | 3 (7) | 0 (0) | 3 (12) | |
| Other | 1 (1) | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | |
| Framingham Risk Score >10% | 11 (11) | 10 (17) | 1 (2) | 4 (10) | 4 (22) | 0 (0) | 1.00 |
| Framingham General Cardiovascular Risk Score >20% | 12 (12) | 10 (17) | 2 (4) | 4 (10) | 3 (17) | 1 (4) | 1.00 |
| Total : HDL Cholesterol Ratio >5.0 | 16 (15) | 10 (17) | 6 (13) | 5 (12) | 2 (11) | 3 (13) | 0.80 |
+
P-values are for comparisons between all patients and all controls
*
Mann-Whitney U test was used for all comparisons, except PANSS Total, Positive, and General scores, which were analyzed using Student’s t-test, 2-sided
**
Fisher’s exact test, 2-sided was used for all comparisons